Lipid metabolism in Achlya: changes in lipid composition during development

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1716-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon W. T. Law ◽  
David N. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Eicosatetraenoic Acid ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Low Levels

Fractionation of total lipid extracted from Achlya sp. at various stages of its developmental cycle revealed that in spores total lipid was composed of 62% neutral lipid, 13% phospholipid, and 25% glycolipid. After germination, the proportion of neutral lipid rose slightly after 2 h then fell sharply to 10% after 8 h, whereupon it rose to 55% of total lipid after 30 h of growth, when sporulation was completed. Conversely, phospholipid rose to 77% of total lipid after 8 h, then declined to 40% after 30 h. Glycolipid was maintained at 10–20% of total lipid throughout the life cycle after spore germination. Quantitative determination of neutral lipid components by photoreflectometry showed that triglycerides accounted for 20% of neutral lipid in spores, and free fatty acids made up 50%. During growth, the absolute levels of both components fell precipitously on germination, remained at low levels throughout vegetative growth, and rose at the time of sporulation.The fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, neutral lipid, and free fatty acid fractions extracted from vegetative and sporulating Achlya cells was determined. The principal fatty acids present in all fractions at both stages of the life cycle were hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids. Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and an unidentified long-chain acid were completely absent from the phospholipids of vegetative cells, although they were found in significant quantities in lipid fractions from other stages of growth.

The fatty acid composition of the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea and its jellyfish prey

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holland ◽  
J. Davenport ◽  
J. East
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Dermochelys Coriacea ◽  
Leatherback Turtle ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

The leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) studied was a male, weighing 916 kg, with a total dorsal length of 291 cm. It was beached on the Welsh coast, UK in September 1988 and is currently the largest leatherback ever recorded.Total lipid formed between 87.5 and 95.4% of the dry weight of representative samples of the blubber and 43.0% and 4.9% of the liver and pectoral muscle respectively. High levels of neutral lipid in the liver (79.0% of the total lipid) as well as the blubber (87.6–99.9% of the total lipid) suggest an important energy storage function for these tissues.Overall, with the notable exception of 22:lwll, fatty acids which are found in a putative jellyfish diet of Rhizostoma, Amelia, Cyanea and Chrysaora are also present in the leatherback liver and muscle, blubber and other fatty tissues. Fatty acid 22:lwll is present in the jellyfish samples, but is absent or at trace levels only in the leatherback tissues (0.1–0.3% of the total fatty acids).The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the w3 series 20:5w3, 22:5w3 and 22:6w3 are well represented in leatherback adipose tissues, muscle and liver as well as in the jellyfish examined. The leatherback and jellyfish lipids are therefore marine in character, but are also similar to terrestrial animal lipid in having a high proportion of fatty acids of the w6 series, principally arachidonic acid, 20:4w6. The significant levels of 20:4w6 in jellyfish total lipid (9.7–20.0% of the total fatty acids) and in the leatherback neutral lipid (1.0–10.9% of the total fatty acids) and phospholipid (0.6–15.5% of total fatty acids) fractions of all tissues sampled suggests that arachidonic acid assumes more importance in food chain relationships involving leatherbacks than in other marine food webs such as those involving fish.

Observations on the effect of the rediae of Fasciola hepatica on the lipid composition of the hepatopancreas of Lymnaea truncatula

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Esterified Sterols

In the uninfected hepatopancreas of L. truncatula 7·0–11·0% of the dry weight is lipid. Of the total lipid 60% is neutral lipid and 40% is phospholipid. Free fatty acid is the major neutral lipid component; triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterols and esterified sterols are also present. The phospholipids identified were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. The major fatty acid is C16 (palmitic) and 60% of the total fatty acids are saturated.In the hepatopancreas of L. truncatula infected with the rediae of F. hepatica, but with the rediae removed, 5·4–9·4% of the dry weight is lipid. Of this total lipid 73% is neutral lipid and 27% is phospholipid. All the fractions of neutral lipid, except the fatty acids are smaller than in the uninfected hepatopancreas. The fatty acids show an increase of 38%. The same phospholipids identified in the uninfected hepatopancreas are present, but all the fractions show a decrease in amount with the exception of the phosphatidyl choline fraction, which is present in approximately equal amounts in both the uninfected and the infected hepatopancreas. The major fatty acid is palmitic acid.

A Simple Quantitative Procedure for the Partition of Free and Esterified FattyAcids from Fecal Lipids

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. G. Hamilton ◽  
B. E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Lipid Mixtures ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Layer Chromatography

A procedure is presented for the partition of dietary and fecal lipids into free fatty acids (FFA), esterified fatty acids (EFA), and nonsaponifiable (NSF) fractions. The method permits quantitation of the lipid fractions and subsequent determination of the fatty acid composition of the FFA and EFA fraction by gas–liquid chromatography (g.l.c). Petroleum ether soluble lipids of acidified (HCl–ethanol) lyophilized feces and feed were partitioned into FFA and an esterified fatty acid plus nonsaponifiable fraction using a 0.05 N KOH – 60% ethanol partitioning solvent. The latter fraction was saponified and partitioned into EFA and NSF. Total recoveries of 93–100% were obtained with the method for lipid mixtures of known composition, dietary fats except coconut oil (88%), and fecal lipids. Separation of the lipids into individual fractions by this method was shown to be essentially complete by thin-layer chromatography and g.l.c. analysis.

THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES AND PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN "DOUBLE-MUSCLED" CATTLE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1089-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. BASARAB ◽  
R. T. BERG ◽  
J. R. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Lipoproteins ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Lipid Fractions

The lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes was determined in 11 phenotypically extreme- and 11 normal-muscled cattle of a "double-muscled" (DM) breed group. The relative concentrations of lipid classes in erythrocyte membranes from extreme- and normal-muscled DM cattle were similar. Significant differences were observed in the relative concentrations of individual fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions from extreme-compared with normal-muscled DM cattle. The most notable differences were a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and a lower (P < 0.01) concentration of oleic acid in sphingomyelin from extreme-muscled DM cattle. In a second study, the total lipid composition of plasma, plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) and plasma low plus very low density lipoprotein (LDL-VLDL) fractions was determined in six extreme- and six normal-muscled DM cattle. Extreme-muscled DM cattle had a lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of triacylglycerols in all three total lipid fractions and higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of cholesterol in plasma and cholesterol esters in the LDL-VLDL total lipid fraction as compared with normal-muscled DM cattle. The concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine was higher (P < 0.05) in the LDL-VLDL total lipid fraction from extreme-muscled DM cattle, but no other differences in the relative amounts of the phospholipids were observed. Extreme-muscled DM cattle had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma and LDL-VLDL total lipid fractions, with a similar trend occurring in the HDL total lipid fraction. The results of the first study demonstrate a change in fatty acid composition of the membrane, while those of the second indicate an increased rate of VLDL metabolism and/or lower rates of adipose fatty acid turnover in extreme- compared with normal-muscled DM cattle. Key words: Lipid composition, lipoproteins, double muscled cattle

Lipid metabolism in Achlya: studies of lipid turnover during development

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1710-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon W. T. Law ◽  
David N. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Lipid Turnover

The life cycle of Achlya involves germination of spores to form coenocytic somatic hyphae, followed by differentiation of hyphal tips into sporangia. From germination to release of new spores occupies 27–30 h. Total lipid made up 10% of dry weight in ungerminated spores. After germination, total lipid fell to 6% of dry weight in 15 h, then rose to7.7% at the time of sporangium formation. Half of the initial loss of lipid took place within 2 h of germination. The ability of Achlya to incorporate [1-14C]acetate into lipid was maximal at the time of sporangium formation, and glycerides were the principal component of total lipid to become 14C-labelled at all stages of the life cycle. Fatty acid synthetase activity measured in cell-free extracts was low in spores and in actively elongating mycelium, but increased during differentiation to a level 15-fold greater than that in spores. Fatty acid oxidation, as estimated by the release of 14CO2 from 1-14C-labelled fatty acids, was also maximal at the time of sporangium formation.

In vivo study of the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids using deuterated water

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. E247-E252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. O. Ajie ◽  
M. J. Connor ◽  
W. N. Lee ◽  
S. Bassilian ◽  
E. A. Bergner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Deuterated Water ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Isotopomer Distribution ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Mass Isotopomer

To determine the contributions of preexisting fatty acid, de novo synthesis, and chain elongation in long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) synthesis, the synthesis of LCFAs, palmitate (16:0), stearate (18:0), arachidate (20:0), behenate (22:0), and lignocerate (24:0), in the epidermis, liver, and spinal cord was determined using deuterated water and mass isotopomer distribution analysis in hairless mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were given 4% deuterated water for 5 days or 8 wk in their drinking water. Blood was withdrawn at the end of these times for the determination of deuterium enrichment, and the animals were killed to isolate the various tissues for lipid extraction for the determination of the mass isotopomer distributions. The mass isotopomer distributions in LCFA were incompatible with synthesis from a single pool of primer. The synthesis of palmitate, stearate, arachidate, behenate, and lignocerate followed the expected biochemical pathways for the synthesis of LCFAs. On average, three deuterium atoms were incorporated for every addition of an acetyl unit. The isotopomer distribution resulting from chain elongation and de novo synthesis can be described by the linear combination of two binomial distributions. The proportions of preexisting, chain elongation, and de novo-synthesized fatty acids as a percentage of the total fatty acids were determined using multiple linear regression analysis. Fractional synthesis was found to vary, depending on the tissue type and the fatty acid, from 47 to 87%. A substantial fraction (24-40%) of the newly synthesized molecules was derived from chain elongation of unlabeled (recycled) palmitate.

scholarly journals Fatty Acids Profiles of Stipe and Blade from the Norwegian Brown Macroalga Laminaria hyperborea, Using Off-Line SPE and GC-MS

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Oksdøl Foseid ◽  
Hanne Devle ◽  
Yngve Stenstrøm ◽  
Carl Fredrik Naess-Andresen ◽  
Dag Ekeberg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Laminaria Hyperborea ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Lipid Fractions

A thorough analysis and comparison of the fatty acid profiles of stipe and blade from Laminaria hyperborea, a kelp species found in the northern Atlantic, is presented. Lipids were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipids, free fatty acids and polar lipids, then derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters prior to GC-MS analysis. A total of 42 fatty acids were identified and quantified, including the n-3 fatty acids &alpha;-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. An n-6/n-3 ratio of 0.8:1 was found in blade and 3.5:1 in stipe, respectively. The ratios vary between the lipid fractions within stipe and blade, with the lowest ratio in the polar lipid fraction of blade. The fatty acid amounts are higher in blade than in stipe, and the highest amounts of n-3 fatty acids are found within the neutral lipid fractions. The amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are 3.4 times higher in blade than stipe. This study highlights the compositional differences between the lipid fractions of stipe and blade from L. hyperborea. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, compared to saturated- and monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as the n-6/n-3-ratio, is known to influence human health. In the pharmaceutical, food, and feed industries this can be of importance for production and sale of different health products. Additionally, lipids are today among the unused by products of alginate production, exploiting this material for commercial interest should give both economical and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals Fatty acid composition of night-scented stock (Matthiola bicornis (Sibth. & Sm.) DC.) raw materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Viktoriia O. Pinkevych ◽  
Moeen F. Dababneh ◽  
Nadiia Ye. Burda ◽  
Iryna O. Zhuravel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Similar Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Domestic Plant ◽  
Plant Sources

Abstract Introduction. With due consideration of the properties of fatty acids, as well as their importance for normal life activity and human development, research into the fatty acid composition of poorly studied plants and the search for new domestic plant sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a mainstream trend in modern pharmacy. Aim. Aim of research – determination of fatty acid qualitative composition and content in threshed grass, stalks, roots and seeds of Night-scented stock ‘Queen of Night’ and ‘Evening Scent’ cultivars as grown in Ukraine. Methods. Gas chromatography. Results. Both cultivars of Night-scented stock taken for analysis had similar fatty acid composition – 5 saturated, 5 (4 for seeds) monounsaturated and 2 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Quantitatively, in all tested parts of the herb polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid dominated, making in total 88.92% and 88.62% in the seeds of Queen of Night and Evening Scent cultivars, respectively, and averaging 65% in other parts of the tested cultivars. Linolenic and linoleic acids prevailed among the polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas oleic acid prevailed among the monounsaturated. Conclusion. Night-scented stock can be utilized as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for the development of drugs and for standardization of tested raw materials.

scholarly journals Content and composition of lipid classes, fatty acid from \(\textit{Sargassum}\) seaweed collected at Con Dao and Van Phong bay

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Thu Hue Pham ◽  
Van Tuyen Anh Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Yen Kieu Thi Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Hai Nam Hoang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Fresh Weight

This study studied the content and composition of the total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acids in 13 brown seaweed Sargassum species collected from Con Dao and Van Phong, Vietnam. The total lipid has a low content and varies among species from 0.10–1.70% of the fresh weight. From 13 species, seven lipid classes including polar lipid (Pol), free fatty acids (FFA), sterol (ST), hydrocarbon and wax (HW), triacylglycerol (TG), diacylglycerol (DG), and monoalkydiacylglycerol (MADG). Using the GC-FID technique, we have identified 29 fatty acids classified into 3 groups of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids with an average content of 44.93%, 24.57% and 27.44%, respectively. Among those, many value fatty acids have been detected with high content such as C18:3n-3, C20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. The lipid of 13 brown seaweed Sargassum species also fully contains omega-3,6,9 fatty acids with the content of 9.28%, 16.28% and 16.63%, respectively.

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