Effects of glyphosate on Fusarium spp.: its influence on root colonization of weeds, propagule density in the soil, and crop emergence

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. André Lévesque ◽  
James E. Rahe ◽  
David M. Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Polygonum Persicaria

Glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide that can lead to root rot like damage on crops. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of glyphosate on the root-colonizing Fusarium spp. The research was conducted at two sites. Site one was densely covered with perennial weeds, and site two with annuals. At site one, spraying the weed cover with glyphosate increased (p < 0.05) the level of colonization by Fusarium spp. in Ranunculus repens and Holcus lanatus, but not in Stellaria media and Plantago lanceolata. At site two, glyphosate enhanced colonization in Spergula arvensis, Stellaria media, Echinochloa crusgalli, and Chenopodium album, but not in Capsella bursa-pastoris and Polygonum persicaria. At both sites, the number of colony-forming units of Fusarium spp. per gram of dried soil was increased by the application of glyphosate. Nevertheless, crops subsequently sown in the field containing the annual weeds were not detrimentally affected by glyphosate treatment of these weeds.

scholarly journals Differential susceptibility of agricultural weeds to ultraviolet-B radiation

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Furness ◽  
M. K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Polygonum Persicaria

Differential morphological sensitivity of weed species to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (290–320 nm) may alter competitive relationships among weeds and associated crop species as the level of this radiation changes. In order to determine relative sensitivity of common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.], green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) to this radiation, seedlings were grown under 0, 7, and 11 kJ m-2 d-1 of biologically effective UV-B radiation in a greenhouse for 6 wk. The influence of UV-B radiation on seedling growth and morphology was investigated. UV-B radiation reduced shoot height in green foxtail (by up to 41%), lamb's-quarters, and redroot pigweed, and increased tillering in green foxtail seedlings. Leaf area and leaf biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, and shepherd's-purse, and stalk biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, redroot pigweed and shepherd's-purse declined in response to UV-B radiation. In common chickweed, leaf area was reduced by 74% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1. Root biomass was reduced by UV-B radiation in all species (up to 68% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1 in common chickweed) except lady's-thumb. Specific leaf weight increased and leaf area ratio declined in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and shepherd's-purse. Exposure to UV-B radiation increased the leaf weight ratio in common chickweed. Shoot:root ratios increased in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and redroot pigweed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed collapsed epidermal cells in occasional necrotic regions on adaxial leaf surfaces of redroot pigweed grown under 11 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-B radiation. Morphology and growth of lady's-thumb were not affected by UV-B radiation. This study suggests that common agricultural weeds have differential morphological and growth responses to UV-B-enhanced environments. Sensitivity to UV-B radiation was greatest for common chickweed and least for lady's-thumb and redroot pigweed. Key words: ultraviolet-B, Amaranthus retroflexus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Polygonum persicaria, Setaria viridis, Stellaria media

The effects of very deep ploughing and of subsoiling on crop yields

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
Complete Inversion

1. Deep tillage, namely, ploughing to a depth exceeding 12 in., or subsoiling to a depth of about 18 in., increased crop yields on about half the fields in which an experiment was made. Unfortunately, it was not possible to recognize what was the difference in soil properties between the 50% of fields that responded appreciably to deep tillage and the remainder whose yields were either unaffected or sometimes reduced by deep tillage, though, as one would expect, sands were normally less responsive to deep tillage than the heavier soils.2. On the clay soils, deep ploughing in autumn tended to give a surface soil that dried out up to several weeks earlier in the spring than land that was shallow ploughed. Subsoiling did not cause the surface soil to dry out in the same way. Only rarely did the subsoil brought up by deep ploughing give difficulty in working down to a seedbed, and probably in as high a proportion of fields the subsoil worked easier than the surface soil.3. On the clays and loams, the response of potatoes to deep tillage was more marked on fields that were heavily manured than on those lightly manured.4. Sugar beet normally gave a higher yield if its potash and phosphate was spread on the land before ploughing, even if this was in the autumn, than if it was applied in the seedbed. The exceptions to this result were for soils heavier than sandy loams if ploughing depths exceeding 12 in. were used, for the yield of beet was, on the average, depressed on these soils if the potash and phosphate was ploughed in compared with it being worked into the seedbed.5. Deep ploughing tended to give better control of many perennial weeds, and often of annual weeds than shallow ploughing. It is suggested that much of this benefit could be obtained when ploughing to 9–10 in. deep if ploughs were used that cut a furrow considerably wider than the conventional 10½–11 in. furrow, so allowing more complete inversion of the furrow slice.

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of glufosinate in five weed species as influenced by ammonium sulfate and pelargonic acid

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Pline ◽  
Jingrui Wu ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Pelargonic Acid ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Tlc Analysis

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-glufosinate were studied in three annual and two perennial weed species. Young seedlings ofSetaria faberi, Chenopodium album, Cassia obtusifolia, Solanum carolinense, andAsclepias syriacawere treated with foliar-applied14C-glufosinate, and plant tissues were harvested 12, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was initially rapid, but increased only slightly after 12 h in all species. Glufosinate absorption was highest inS. carolinense(73% of applied radioactivity), followed byS. faberi(54%),C. obtusifolia(44%),C. album(41%), andA. syriaca(37%) 72 HAT. Translocation of radioactivity out of the treated leaf was species dependent and did not increase much with time in all weed species.S. carolinenseandS. faberitranslocated the highest amounts of absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf with 49 to 59% moving to the upper foliage.S. faberitranslocated the highest amount of absorbed radioactivity to the roots (12 to 14%), whileC. albumtranslocated the least (2 to 3%). TLC analysis of plant extracts showed that14C-glufosinate was not metabolized inS. faberi, C. obtusifolia, S. carolinense, andA. syriaca. A glufosinate metabolite with an Rf value matching that of methyl-phosphinico propionate was detected inC. album. Treatment with ammonium sulfate (AMS) increased glufosinate absorption inS. faberiandC. obtusifolia12 HAT, but decreased absorption inC. album. Treatment with pelargonic acid (PA) did not affect glufosinate absorption in any of the species tested. Treatment with AMS and PA did not affect glufosinate translocation in any of the five weed species. Treatment with AMS and PA did not influence the metabolism of glufosinate in any of the five weed species studied. These results show that differential absorption and translocation seem to explain the greater sensitivity of the annual and perennial weeds to glufosinate. Treatment with ammonium sulfate may increase the efficacy of glufosinate in perennial weeds.

Bacterial Communities Associated with Chenopodium album and Stellaria media Seeds from Arable Soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard S. van Overbeek ◽  
Angelinus C. Franke ◽  
Els H. M. Nijhuis ◽  
Roel M. W. Groeneveld ◽  
Ulisses Nunes da Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Stellaria Media

CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: I. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS TO FOUR ANNUAL WEEDS

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (7) ◽  
pp. 299-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Copper Nitrate ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Sodium Bichromate ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Annual Weeds

Toxicity tests on four annual weeds, Thlaspi arvense L.; Brassica arvensis L. Ktze.; Chenopodium album L.; and Avena fatua L.; showed no definite evidence of a specific susceptibility of a given species to a given substance. The relative resistance of these four weeds to most substances, judging from the certainly lethal dose, was in the order 1:1:2:7. Of the 76 chemicals tested, the following most toxic compounds killed all four species at the dosages employed; selenic and chloric acids, sodium hydroxide, arsenic pentoxide, sodium arsenite, sodium and ammonium chlorate, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium cyanide, zinc chloride, sodium bichromate, sodium selenite, copper nitrate, sodium sulphide, formic acid, gasoline, phenol, creosote, tetralin, sodium benzoate, aniline, benzene and furfural. The residual toxic effect on the soil, three to four weeks after treatment, showed that of the 35 more toxic chemicals tested, only selenic acid and the five chlorates used had any appreciable effect at low and intermediate dosages, while eleven other substances depressed growth following the application of high dosages.

Chemical weed control in young peach trees

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
K Koffmann ◽  
J Kaldor
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Lactuca Serriola ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Peach Trees

The effects of five residual herbicides and two mixtures of herbicides on tree and weed growth were studied in two trials over two consecutive seasons in a young peach orchard at Bathurst, New South Wales. In the first trial, dichlobenil at 4.5 and 9.0 kg ha-1 increased tree growth and suppressed weeds, but the residual effects of the low rate were short; simazine (2.2 kg ha-1), trifluralin (2.2 kg ha-1) and simazine (1 1 kg ha-1) plus trifluralin (1.1 kg ha-1) also reduced weed incidence but did not improve tree growth. In the second trial, terbacil (2.2 kg ha-1) and mixtures of diuron (1.1 kg ha-1) and terbacil at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ha-1 effectively controlled weeds, giving faster tree growth. Terbacil (1.1 kg ha-1) and diuron (1.1 kg ha-1) suppressed broadleaf but not grass weeds. Terbacil (1.1 kg ha-1) improved tree growth only in the second season; diuron (1.1 kg ha-1) did not affect tree growth. None of the peach trees displayed toxic symptoms. The main weeds present in the trial site were: Amaranthus powellii, Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare, Lepidium hyssopifolum, Lactuca serriola, Rumex acetosella, Sonchus oleraceus, Plantago lanceolata, Cynodon dactylon, Bromus sp, and Eragrostis sp.

Response of Weeds to Soil pH

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
C. S. Hoveland ◽  
M. C. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Loam Soil

Ten warm-season and six cool-season weed species were grown in the glasshouse on Hartsells fine sandy loam soil and Lucedale sandy loam soil at pH levels from 4.7 to 6.3. Growth of species varied widely in response to soil pH as measured by herbage yield. Showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth), coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis L.), and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] were highly tolerant to low pH soils. Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum L.), and buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), were medium to high in tolerance. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth], crowfootgrass [Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richter], and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) were medium to low in tolerance to low soil pH. Growth of Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo], common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale (Weber), and wild mustard [Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] was severely reduced in soils with low pH.

RESULT OF HERBICIDES APPLIED AGAINST OF WEEDS IN SOYBEAN FIELD

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
O Ariunaa ◽  
M Otgonsuren
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Soybean Field ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Field Bindweed

Herbicides, if used properly, are safe and effective in controlling weeds in soybean. The choice of herbicide, however, depends on the predominant weed species and the availability of the herbicide. Chemical control is currently the most widely used control for soybean crops, due to its ease of control and to the small areas planted in Mongolia. In the soybean field the 15species of weeds belonging to 9 families, 12 genus including 62.5 % annual, 37.5%perennial weeds are distributed.The major grassy weeds; Common millet-(Panicummiliaceum L), Couch grass-(Agropyronrepens L), Bristlegrass-(Seteriaviridis L) sp and broadleaved weeds Redroot Pigweed-(Amaranthtusretro flexus),lambs guarters-(Chenopodium album), AristateGoosfoot-(Chenopodiumaristatum L), Black bindweed-(Polygonum convolvulus), Mallow weed-(Malvamochileviensis Down), Field bindweed-(Convolvulus arvensis), Bristhly thistle-(Cirsiumsetosum ), Dwarf bifurcate cinquefoil -(Potentillabifurca), Perennial Sowthisle-(Sonchusarvensis L) weeds have been distributed in the soybean field.In soybean field the Forward herbicide were applied in doses of 1.0-1.2l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 90.1-91.6%, weight by 59.5-66.1% and super herbicide Gallantsuper applied in doses of 0.45-0.65l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 91.0-95.0%, weight by 39.5-59.8% while Cobra herbicide applied in doses of 0.45-0.55l/ha used in broadleaved weed distributed field, have reduced the number of weeds by 90.2-94.6% and weight by 42.7-50.7%. The herbicide application increased of yield hectare by 3.6-9.0 center.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 76-79

Autogamy, allogamy, and pollination in some Canadian weeds

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1767-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The Self ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Allogamous Species ◽  
Insect Visitors

This paper is concerned with insect visitors to some Canadian weeds. It shows that both self-pollinating (autogamous) and cross-pollinating (allogamous) weeds are visited during the flowering period. It was found that self-incompatible species were visited by insects frequently, whereas self-compatible weeds were not visited or were rarely visited. The self-compatible group showed some difference, in that autogamous annual and winter annual weeds were visited less than were autogamous biennial and short-lived perennial weeds. Most of the insect visitors, to both the autogamous and allogamous species of weeds, were native species, whereas the weeds themselves were mostly introduced species. The insects, also, evidently visited more than a single species of plant over a short period of time. The implications of the insect visits to the genetic structure of the plants and their colonizing abilities are then briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar Amendments on Mycorrhizal Associations and Fusarium Crown and Root Rot of Asparagus in Replant Soils

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 960-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade H. Elmer ◽  
Joseph J. Pignatello
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Pyrolyzed biomass waste, commonly called biochar, has attracted interest as a soil amendment. A commercial prototype biochar produced by fast pyrolysis of hardwood dust was examined in soils to determine if it could reduce the damaging effect of allelopathy on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root colonization and on Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus. In greenhouse studies, biochar added at 1.5 and 3.0% (wt/wt) to asparagus field soil caused proportional increases in root weights and linear reductions in the percentage of root lesions caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum compared with a control. Concomitant with these effects was a 100% increase in root colonization by AM fungi at the 3.0% rate. Addition of aromatic acids (cinnamic, coumaric, and ferulic) that are known allelopathic agents affecting asparagus reduced AM colonization but the deleterious effects were not observed following the application of biochar at the higher rate. When dried, ground, asparagus root and crown tissues infested with Fusarium spp. were added to soilless potting mix at 0, 1, or 5 g/liter of potting mix and then planted with asparagus, there was a decrease in asparagus root weight and increase in disease at 1 g/liter of potting mix but results were inconsistent at the higher residue rate. However, when biochar was added at 35 g/liter of potting mix (roughly 10%, vol/vol), these adverse effects on root weight and disease were equal to the nontreated controls. A small demonstration was conducted in field microplots. Those plots amended with biochar (3.5% [wt/wt] soil) produced asparagus plants with more AM colonization in the first year of growth but, in the subsequent year, biochar-treated plants were reduced in size, possibly due to greater than average precipitation and the ability of biochar to retain moisture that, in turn, may have created conditions conducive to root rot. These studies provide evidence that biochar may be useful in overcoming the deleterious effects of allelopathic residues in replant soils on asparagus.

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