scholarly journals Exact solutions of the equation for composite scalar particles in quantized electromagnetic waves

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-969
Author(s):  
S I Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Photon Number ◽  
Scalar Particle ◽  
Photon Density ◽  
Electromagnetic Plane Wave ◽  
Scalar Particles ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Average Photon Number

An equation is considered for a composite scalar particle with polarizabilities in an external quantized electromagnetic plane wave. This equation is reduced to a system of equations for an infinite number of interacting oscillators. After diagonalization, we come to equations for free oscillators. As a result, exact solutions of the equation for a particle are found in a plane-quantized electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization. As a particular case, the solution for monochromatic electromagnetic waves is considered. The relativistic coherent states of a particle are constructed using the Poisson distribution of photon numbers. In the limit, when the average photon number [Formula: see text] and the volume V of the quantization tend to infinity (but the photon density [Formula: see text] /V remains constant), the wave function converts to the solution corresponding to the external classical electromagnetic wave. PACS Nos.: 14.40.Aq, 13.40.Ks, 13.40.-f

Equation for a Composite Scalar Particle in (2+1)-D and its Solutions

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 1699-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Coherent States ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Plane Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Photon Number ◽  
Scalar Particle ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
External Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Quantized Electromagnetic Field

A model of a scalar particle in (2+1)-dimensional space with an internal structure in external electromagnetic fields is considered. Exact solutions of the equation for such scalar particle were obtained in the field of a plane electromagnetic wave with the arbitrary polarization and in the quantized electromagnetic field of the linearly polarized wave. The relativistic coherent states of the particle in the field of n photons were constructed. When the photon number goes to infinity, this wave function transforms to the solution corresponding to the external classical electromagnetic wave.

NONCLASSICALITY AND DECOHERENCE OF PHOTON-ADDED THERMAL STATE

2010 ◽  
Vol 08 (08) ◽  
pp. 1373-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHU-JING WANG ◽  
XUE-XIANG XU ◽  
SHAN-JUN MA
Keyword(s):  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Hermite Polynomials ◽  
Photon Number ◽  
Single Variable ◽  
State Characteristic ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
Average Photon Number ◽  
Photon Number Distribution

Using the normally ordered form of thermal state characteristic of average photon number nc, we introduce the photon-added thermal state (PATS) and investigate its statistical properties, such as Mandel's Q-parameter, photon number distribution (PND), and Wigner function (WF). We then study its decoherence in a thermal environment with average thermal photon number [Formula: see text] and dissipative coefficient κ by deriving analytical expressions of the WF. The nonclassicality is discussed in terms of the negativity of the WF. It is found that the WF is always positive when [Formula: see text] for any number PATS. The expression for time evolution of the PND and the tomogram of PATS are also derived analytically, which are related to hypergeometric function and single variable Hermite polynomials.

AMPLITUDE-SQUARED SQUEEZING IN THE m-PHOTON JAYNES-CUMMINGS MODEL WITH SQUEEZED FIELD INPUT

1992 ◽  
Vol 06 (13) ◽  
pp. 2409-2422 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUBEEN A. MIR ◽  
M.S.K. RAZMI
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Photon Number ◽  
Vacuum State ◽  
Squeezed States ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Squeezed Vacuum State ◽  
Squeezed Vacuum ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Average Photon Number ◽  
Intensity Dependent Coupling

Amplitude-squared (AS) squeezing has been investigated for the m-photon Jaynes-Cummings model assuming the field to be initially in the squeezed states. The role played by intensity-dependent coupling has also been discussed. It has been shown that for the large initial average photon number [Formula: see text] with odd values of m, AS squeezing revokes permanently whereas with even values it recurs periodically. As m increases the revocation is hastened and the duration of occurrence decreases. Higher values of m for the initial field in a squeezed vacuum state can make one of the quadrature permanently squeezed. The AS squeezing behavior for two initial states of the atom, i.e., ground state versus excited state is also compared.

SECOND-ORDER AND AMPLITUDE-SQUARED SQUEEZING OF THE TWO TWO-LEVEL ATOMS WITH SUPERPOSITION STATE PREPARATION

1993 ◽  
Vol 07 (26) ◽  
pp. 4439-4450 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUBEEN A. MIR
Keyword(s):  
Photon Number ◽  
Vacuum State ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Squeezed State ◽  
Superposition State ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Squeezed Vacuum State ◽  
Coherent Field ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Average Photon Number

An analysis of the second-order and amplitude-squared (AS) squeezing is presented for the two atoms prepared in a two-atom squeezed state using coherent and squeezed field inputs. The system produce strong sqeezing and superposition angle (θ) is more effective for small values of average photon number [Formula: see text] as compared to that of large one. The degree of squeezing of both types increases as θ increases for coherent field input with small [Formula: see text]. Some values of θ for the initial field in a squeezed-vacuum state with any value of input squeezing can make one of the quadrature of the both types of squeezing permanently squeezed for T≥0. For the initial field in a more general squeezed state, the second-order and AS squeezing behave randomly for different values of θ.

Detection of delamination in composites by using electromagnetic penetrating radar

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
Z. Mechbal ◽  
A. Khamlichi
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Wave Reflection ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Partial Reflection ◽  
Straight Path ◽  
Reflected Signal ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Intervening Factors

Composites made from E-glass/epoxy or aramid/epoxy are frequently used in aircraft and aerospace industries. These materials are prone to suffer from the presence of delamination, which can reduce severely the performance of aircrafts and even threaten their safety. Since electric conductivity of these composites is rather small, they can propagate electromagnetic waves. Detection of delamination damage can then be monitored by using an electromagnetic penetrating radar scanner, which consists of emitting waves having the form of short time pulses that are centered on a given work frequency. While propagating, these waves undergo partial reflection when running into an obstacle or a material discontinuity. Habitually, the radar is moved at constant speed along a straight path and the reflected signal is processed as a radargram that gives the reflected energy as function of the two-way time and the antenna position.In this work, modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in composites made from E-glass/epoxy was performed analytically. The electromagnetic wave reflection from a delamination defect was analyzed as function of key intervening factors which include the defect extent and depth, as well as the work frequency. Various simulations were performed and the obtained results have enabled to correlate the reflection pattern image features to the actual delamination defect characteristics which can provide quantification of delamination.

New Approach to the Theory of Circular Dichroism

1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1187-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Zamastil ◽  
Lubomír Skála ◽  
Petr Pančoška ◽  
Oldřich Bílek
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Optically Active ◽  
Semiclassical Approach ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Isotropic Media ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

Using the semiclassical approach for the description of the propagation of the electromagnetic waves in optically active isotropic media we derive a new formula for the circular dichroism parameter. The theory is based on the idea of the time damped electromagnetic wave interacting with the molecules of the sample. In this theory, the Lambert-Beer law need not be taken as an empirical law, however, it follows naturally from the requirement that the electromagnetic wave obeys the Maxwell equations.

scholarly journals Preparation and electromagnetic properties characterization of reduced graphene oxide/strontium hexaferrite nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumin Du ◽  
Huaiyin Chen ◽  
Ruoyu Hong
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Strontium Hexaferrite ◽  
Wave Radiation

AbstractWith the rapid development of electronics and information technology, electronics and electrical equipment have been widely used in our daily lives. The living environment is full of electromagnetic waves of various frequencies and energy. Electromagnetic wave radiation has evolved into a new type of environmental pollution that has been listed by the WHO (World Health Organization) as the fourth largest source of environmental pollution after water, atmosphere, and noise. Studies have shown that when electromagnetic wave radiation is too much, it can cause neurological disorders. And electromagnetic interference will cause the abnormal operation of medical equipment, precision instruments and other equipment, and therefore cause incalculable consequences. Therefore, electromagnetic protection has become a hot issue of concern to the social and scientific circles.

Transmissive 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengtao Lai ◽  
Zenglin Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Jia Qu ◽  
Liang Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Circular Polarization ◽  
Orbital Angular Momentum ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Beam Splitter ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Polarization Conversion ◽  
Field Patterns ◽  
Phase Profile

Abstract Coding metasurfaces have attracted tremendous interests due to unique capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic wave. However, archiving transmissive coding metasurface is still challenging. Here we propose a transmissive anisotropic coding metasurface that enables the independent control of two orthogonal polarizations. The polarization beam splitter and the OAM generator have been studied as typical applications of anisotropic 2-bit coding metasurface. The simulated far field patterns illustrate that the x and y polarized electromagnetic waves are deflected into two different directions, respectively. The anisotropic coding metasurface has been experimentally verified to realize an orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam with l = 2 of right-handed polarized wave, resulting from both contributions from linear-to-circular polarization conversion and the phase profile modulation. This work is beneficial to enrich the polarization manipulation field and develop transmissive coding metasurfaces.

scholarly journals ON THE CREATION OF SCALAR PARTICLES IN A FLAT ROBERTSON–WALKER SPACETIME

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (35) ◽  
pp. 2639-2651 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. HAOUAT ◽  
R. CHEKIREB
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
Gordon Equation ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Particle Creation ◽  
Pair Creation ◽  
Bogoliubov Transformation ◽  
Scalar Particles ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Klein Gordon Equation

The problem of particle creation from vacuum in a flat Robertson–Walker spacetime is studied. Two sets of exact solutions for the Klein–Gordon equation are given when the scale factor is a2(η) = a+b tanh(λη)+c tanh2 (λη). Then the canonical method based on Bogoliubov transformation is applied to calculate the pair creation probability and the density number of created particles. Some particular cosmological models such as radiation dominated universe and Milne universe are discussed. For both cases the vacuum to vacuum transition probability is calculated and the imaginary part of the effective action is extracted.

scholarly journals The Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Composite Material Mixed with Functional Aggregates with High Fe2O3 and SiC

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-255
Author(s):  
Zuoqun Zhang ◽  
Chaoshan Yang ◽  
Hua Cheng ◽  
Xiaohan Huang ◽  
Yuhao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Magnetic Loss ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Absorption ◽  
Wave Absorption ◽  
Test Board ◽  
Absorption Performance

Now there’re many researches on the electromagnetic radiation protection function of the cement-based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, such materials have been widely used in various types of buildings. This paper proposed an idea for preparing a cement-based composite material by mixing functional aggregates with high content of Fe2O3 and SiC, that is, adding Fe3O4 powder and nano-SiC of different contents in the clay, and then sintering at 1190℃; the prepared aggregates showed obvious magnetic loss and dielectric loss to electromagnetic waves, and the numerical tube pressure could reach 16.83MPa. The double-layer reflectivity test board made of functional aggregates showed excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance, its reflection loss was less than -10dB in the frequency range of 8~18GHz (corresponding to energy absorption greater than 90% EM), and its maximum RL reached -12.13dB. In addition, the compressive strength of the cement-based composite material at the age of 28 days reached 50.1 MPa, which can meet the strength requirements of building materials.

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