Impacts of pine species, stump removal, cultivation, and fertilization on soil properties half a century after planting

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Butnor ◽  
K.H. Johnsen ◽  
F.G. Sanchez ◽  
C.D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Pine Species

To better understand the long-term effects of species selection and forest management practices on soil quality and soil C retention, we analyzed soil samples from an experimental planting of loblolly ( Pinus taeda L.), longleaf ( Pinus palustris Mill.), and slash ( Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pines under different management intensities in Mississippi. The treatments included stump removal and cultivation (CULT), a one-time application of fertilizer combined with stump removal and cultivation (CULT+F), and a control (CON). After 49 years, pine species had no significant effect on any soil physical or chemical parameter examined, despite species differences in basal area. CULT exhibited significantly higher soil bulk density and lower soil C and soil N than CON and CULT+F in the upper 10 cm of soil. Stump removal is not a common practice in southern pine silviculture today; however, as demand for bioenergy fuels or feedstocks increases, more complete biomass utilization will be considered. Residual stumps play an important role in soil nutrient and C retention in pine plantations. Our results show that stump removal can lead to reduced soil C (–21%) and soil N (–35%) compared with controls, although it is possible to mitigate nutrient losses on poor sites with fertilization.

Long-Term Effects of Early Pruning and Thinning Treatments on Growth of Natural Longleaf Pine

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-79
Author(s):  
Robert C. Sparks ◽  
Norwin E. Linnartz ◽  
Harold E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Natural Stand ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Pruning Intensity

Abstract Pruning and thinning a young natural stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in southwest Louisiana had little influence on height. However, diameter growth was reduced substantially as pruning intensity or stocking rate increased up to 25-percent live crown and 200 stems per acre, respectively. Improved diameter growth at lower stocking rates was not sufficient to equal the total basal area increment of 200 trees per acre.

Changes in soil carbon and soil nitrogen after tree clearing in the semi-arid rangelands of Queensland

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Harms ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
A. P. Cramp
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks

Changes in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks following tree clearing were estimated at 32 rangeland sites in central and southern Queensland by using paired-site sampling. When corrected for soil bulk-density differences at each site, average soil C across all sites decreased after tree clearing by 8.0% for 0–0.3-m soil depth, and by 5.4% for 0–1.0-m depth; there were corresponding declines in soil C of 2.5 and 3.5tha–1, respectively. Mean soil C stocks (excluding surface litter, extractable roots and coarse charcoal) at uncleared sites were 29.5tha–1 for 0–0.3-m soil depth, and 62.5tha–1 for 0–1.0-m depth. Mean soil C stocks (0–0.3m) were 41% of the mean total C for the soil–plant system (soil + litter/woody debris + stand biomass) at uncleared sites. Soil C decline (0–0.3m) accounted for approximately 7% of the average total C lost because of land clearing across all sites. Soil C stocks at uncleared sites were correlated with tree basal area, clay content and soil phosphorus (P) content. Changes in soil C after tree clearing were strongly correlated to initial soil C contents at the uncleared sites, and were associated with particular vegetation groups and soil types. Changes in soil N were strongly correlated with changes in soil C; however, the average change in soil N across all sites was not significant. Given the size of the C and N pools in rangeland soils, the factors that influence soil C and soil N dynamics in rangeland systems need to be better understood for the effective management of C stocks in these soils.

Long-term trends in growth of Pinus palustris and Pinus elliottii along a hydrological gradient in central Florida

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1661-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy E Foster ◽  
J Renee Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Hydrologic Gradient

Forest species composition in Florida is sensitive to changes in hydrology that accompany small shifts in elevation. In this study, we use dendrochronological techniques to determine how the growth of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm. (slash pine) and Pinus palustris Mill. (longleaf pine) along a hydrologic gradient from mesic flatwoods to xeric sandhills responds to fluctuations in climate (temperature, precipitation, river flow, and Palmer drought severity index). Interspecies and intraspecies comparisons of growth responses were made between a xeric P. palustris plot, a transition zone plot containing both species, and a mesic P. elliottii plot. Growth of P. elliottii individuals was negatively correlated with increased water availability on sites with a shallow water table (<1 m) but positively correlated on sites with a deeper water table. The basal area increment (BAI) of P. elliottii individuals on the drier site was 41% lower than the BAI of individuals on the wetter site. In contrast, the growth response of P. palustris, which only grows in the dryer sites, was similar along the hydrologic gradient, with growth being positively related to water availability and only a 16% lower BAI on the driest site.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 787-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zhou ◽  
S. Q. Zhao ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
J. Oeding
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage

Abstract. Partial cutting, which removes some individual trees from a forest, is one of the major and widespread forest management practices that can significantly alter both forest structure and carbon (C) storage. Using 746 observations from 82 publications, we synthesized the impacts of partial cutting on three variables associated with forest structure (i.e. mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area (BA), and volume) and four variables related to various C stock components (i.e. aboveground biomass C (AGBC), understory C, forest floor C, and mineral soil C). Results shows that the growth of DBH elevated by 112% after partial cutting, compared to the uncut control, while stand BA and volume reduced immediately by 34% and 29%, respectively. On average, partial cutting reduced AGBC by 43%, increased understory C storage by 392%, but did not show significant effects on C storages on forest floor and in mineral soil. All the effects on DBH growth, stand BA, volume, and AGBC intensified linearly with cutting intensity (CI) and decreased linearly with the number of recovery years (RY). In addition to the strong impacts of CI and RY, other factors such as climate zone and forest type also affected forest responses to partial cutting. The data assembled in this synthesis were not sufficient to determine how long it would take for a complete recovery after cutting because long-term experiments were rare. Future efforts should be tailored to increase the duration of the experiments and balance geographic locations of field studies.

Soil-N cycling in temperate alley cropping agroforestry and monoculture croplands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenia Bischel ◽  
Marife D. Corre ◽  
Marcus Schmidt ◽  
Edzo Veldkamp
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Gene Abundance

&lt;p&gt;Monoculture croplands are commonly associated with deleterious environmental effects due to high fertilization rates. Agroforestry (alternate alleys of trees and crops or alley cropping) has the potential to mitigate the negative environmental effects from agriculture. Understanding the soil-N cycling aids in assessing how the soil function of nutrient cycling is impacted when monoculture system is converted into agroforestry. Currently, there is no systematic comparison in soil-N cycling rates between monoculture and agroforestry croplands in Western Europe. Our study aimed to investigate gross rates of soil-N cycling between agroforestry and monoculture croplands. We measured gross rates of soil-N cycling, using 15N isotopic pool dilution in May-June 2017, at three sites in Germany (Wendhausen, Dornburg, and Forst with Vertic Cambisol, Calcaric Phaeozem, Gleyic Cambisol soils, respectively); each site has paired monoculture and agroforestry systems (established in 2008, 2007, and 2010 at the respective sites). In each management system at each site, we had four replicate plots; for agroforestry system, we conducted measurements in the tree row and within the crop row at 1 m, 4 m, and 7 m from the tree row. The crop management practices in agroforestry crop row and monoculture were the same at each site.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For gross rates of ammonium cycling, differences were observed between agroforestry tree row, crop row and monoculture at the site with Vertic Cambisol soil. Higher gross N mineralization rates were observed in monoculture than agroforestry tree row whilst agroforestry tree row exhibited higher gross NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; immobilization rates than agroforestry crop row (P &lt; 0.02). This was correlated to higher soil C/N ratio and higher water-filled pore space in the tree row. Tree rows also tend to have higher microbial biomass at all sites. Gross rates of nitrate cycling were higher in the tree row than in the crop row and monoculture at the site with Calcaric Phaeozem soil. This showed a similar pattern with the gene abundance of ammonium oxidizing archeae (AOA), supporting a niche differentiation of AOA by utilizing ammonium mineralized from soil organic matter rather than from fertilizer source. At the site with Vertic Cambisol soil, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium was very high in the tree row. These changes in soil-N cycling and AOA gene abundance in the tree rows suggest that trees in sites with older agroforestry systems had enhanced the cycling of N in the soil.&lt;/p&gt;

Ecosystem carbon stocks in Pinus palustris forests

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Samuelson ◽  
Tom A. Stokes ◽  
John R. Butnor ◽  
Kurt H. Johnsen ◽  
Carlos A. Gonzalez-Benecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Below Ground

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) restoration in the southeastern United States offers opportunities for carbon (C) sequestration. Ecosystem C stocks are not well understood in longleaf pine forests, which are typically of low density and maintained by prescribed fire. The objectives of this research were to develop allometric equations for above- and below-ground biomass and quantify ecosystem C stocks in five longleaf pine forests ranging in age from 5 to 87 years and in basal area from 0.4 to 22.6 m2·ha−1. Live aboveground C (woody plant + ground cover) and live root C (longleaf pine below stump + plot level coarse roots + plot level fine roots) ranged from 1.4 and 2.9 Mg C·ha−1, respectively, in the 5-year-old stand to 78.4 and 19.2 Mg C·ha−1, respectively, in the 87-year-old stand. Total ecosystem C (live plant + dead organic matter + mineral soil) values were 71.6, 110.1, 124.6, 141.4, and 185.4 Mg C·ha−1 in the 5-, 12-, 21-, 64-, and 87-year-old stands, respectively, and dominated by tree C and soil C. In the 5-year-old stand, ground cover C and residual taproot C were significant C stocks. This unique, in-depth assessment of above- and below-ground C across a series of longleaf pine stands will improve estimates of C in longleaf pine ecosystems and contribute to development of general biomass models that account for variation in climate, site, and management history in an important but understudied ecosystem.

scholarly journals Borehole Oleoresin Production from Slash Pine

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Hodges ◽  
Jon D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Tree Stem

Abstract A process is described for production of oleoresin from borehole wounds to the xylem in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii). Advantages of this process over conventional oleoresin production methods include higher labor productivity, improved product quality, reduced tree damage and stress, and reduced insect pest problems. In experiments conducted in Florida and Georgia from 1991 to 1994, oleoresin yields averaged 657 g (1.45 lb) per borehole, or nearly 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) per tree with multiple boreholes. Tests of other species used commercially for oleoresin production, including longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), produced substantially lower yields. Borehole oleoresin yields were very sensitive to tree stem size, reflecting the capacity of preformed oleoresin stored in the resin duct system. Yields were significantly affected by treatment manipulations of borehole diameter, depth, number, spacing, orientation, chemical stimulants, and collection container type. Oleoresin flow was highest during the midsummer period and continued over a period of several months. Oleoresin flow potential was related to the percentage of tree stem basal area tapped. For optimal treatments affecting 35 to 40% of tree basal area, predicted yields ranged from 1.52 to 3.10 kg (3.35 to 6.83 lb) for trees 23 to 37 cm (9 to 14.5 in.) dbh, respectively. Tree growth rates were not measurably altered by borehole treatment. Comparisons with conventional bark-chipping oleoresin production systems in slash pine showed that the borehole system achieves a labor productivity two times greater than the best alternative, but sacrifices overall yields per tree. The borehole method offers new opportunities for utilization of the slash pine resource and an additional economic enterprise for forest lands. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):108-115.

Long-term effects of weed control and fertilization on the carbon and nitrogen pools of a slash and loblolly pine forest in north-central Florida

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason G. Vogel ◽  
Luis J. Suau ◽  
Timothy A. Martin ◽  
Eric J. Jokela
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Soil C ◽  
N Retention

The effects of fertilization, weed control, and fertilization plus weed control on vegetation and soil C and N pools were examined for a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine ( Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) forest at ages 18 and 26 years (at the end of rotation). The total C accumulated in fertilized forests without weed control was 20% (slash pine) and 40% (loblolly pine) greater than in the control forests at the end of rotation. Weed control increased pine C pools at 18 years, but by the end of rotation, weed control effectively resulted in no gain in ecosystem C. When the two treatments were combined, weed control slightly subtracted from the net C benefit produced by fertilization. This result occurred because of decreased forest floor and soil C in the weed control plots. Fertilization significantly increased stem, foliage, forest floor, and soil N pools, and N retention was 63% and 103% of the applied N in the slash and loblolly pine forests, respectively. Weed control with fertilization reduced ecosystem N retention efficiency, but weed control alone did not negatively affect ecosystem N accumulation. These results suggest that the optimal treatment for increasing C accumulation and N retention in these ecosystems is fertilization without weed control.

PSIII-19 Soil nutrient profile from cool-season forages fertilized with manure from steers supplemented with titrated levels of dried distillers grains

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
Abbigail R Hines ◽  
Kacie Gray ◽  
James P Muir ◽  
Barbara Bellows ◽  
Francis Rouquette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Response ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Crimson Clover

Abstract Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is commonly used as supplemental feed in cattle rations. However, the systemic effects of overfeeding DDGS, especially to potential fertilizer benefits of pass-through nitrogen, are widely unknown. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate plant and soil response to fertilization with manure from steers supplemented with titrated levels of DDGS. Manure utilized was collected from steers supplemented with DDGS (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% BW) during a 2-yr experiment. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with an augmented factorial treatment structure wherein benches represented blocks. The factorial was made up of manure treatment (0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% BW DDGS, chemical fertilizer, or none) soil type (Windthorst or Purves), and plant species (none, crimson clover, or rye). Pots were sown (5 seeds/pot) and grown in a greenhouse for 35 d. Water was applied daily at 90% evapotranspiration. After harvest, soils were sifted, dried for 72 h at 55°C, then assayed for C, N, NO3-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and S. There was an interaction of manure and soil type for soil C (P &lt; 0.01). Purves soils amended with any manure had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of C (1.8%) than did the negative control (1.3%). From Windthorst, soil C was greatest from 1% BW DDGS manure (1.9%), and least from 0% DDGS manure (1.5%), with 0.25 and 0.5% manures and the negative control intermediate. There was an interaction of manure, soil type, and forage for soil N (P &lt; 0.01). Manures with higher levels of supplementation had greater (P &lt; 0.05) soil N than lower levels of supplementation or the negative control. Legumes had greater soil N than grasses. Results are interpreted to mean that moderate supplementation of steers with DDGS may yield soil nutrient benefits through nutrient deposition.

Long-term effects of fire and fire-return interval on population structure and growth of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1410-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelcy R. Ford ◽  
Emily S. Minor ◽  
Gordon A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fire Return Interval ◽  
Return Interval

We investigated the effect of fire and fire frequency on stand structure and longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris P. Mill.) growth and population demography in an experimental research area in a southwest Florida sandhill community. Data were collected from replicated plots that had prescribed fire-return intervals of 1, 2, 5, or 7 years or were left unburned. Experimental treatment burns have been ongoing since 1976. Plots were sampled to estimate species distribution, stand structure, and longleaf pine density in four developmental stage classes: grass, bolting, small tree, and large tree. Tree-ring growth measurements in combination with burn history were used to evaluate the effects of fire and fire-return interval on basal area increment growth. Fire-return interval impacted stand structure and longleaf pine population structure. Our results suggest that recruitment from the bolting stage to later stages may become adversely affected with very frequent fires (e.g., every 1 or 2 years). Although adult tree productivity was negatively impacted during fire years, tree growth during years between fire events was resilient such that growth did not differ significantly among fire-return intervals. Our study shows that the longleaf pine population as a whole is strongly regulated by fire and fire-return interval plays a key role in structuring this population.

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