Stem incorporation of gibberellins to promote sexual development of white spruce, Norway spruce, and jack pine

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Fogal ◽  
G. Jobin ◽  
H.O. Schooley ◽  
S.J. Coleman ◽  
M.S. Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
High Application

Stem incorporation of gibberellins (GA4/7 60:40) by injecting a liquid formulation or implanting a solid formulation was evaluated for promoting sexual reproductive development and for effects on vegetative development and foliage chlorosis in seedling and grafted white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss; seedling Norway spruce, Piceaabies (L.) Karst.; and jack pine, Pinusbanksiana Lamb., seed trees. Spruces were treated with a single application of 0.76 or 1.53 mg GA4/7 per square centimetre of stem cross-sectional area at breast height during the late stage of shoot elongation (June 9 for white spruce and June 19 and 20 for Norway spruce). Jack pine was treated with a single early (July 5) or late (August 15) application of 1.53 mg GA4/7/cm2 or a split early–late application of 0.76 mg GA4/7/cm2. Results were evaluated in the subsequent season (i) by counting seed and pollen strobili, developing vegetative shoots, latent vegetative buds, and dead buds and (ii) by assessing foliage chlorosis and mortality. The numbers of seed strobili were increased by injections of GA4/7 at low and high application rates on seedling white spruce and Norway spruce and by the high application rate on grafted white spruce; implants were effective on seedling white and Norway spruce at the high application rate. In jack pine, the number of seed strobili was not increased by GA4/7. The numbers of pollen strobili were not significantly increased by GA4/7 treatments to white spruce or Norway spruce but were increased on jack pine by a single early injection at the high rate and split injections at the low rate. The number of developing vegetative shoots was reduced by GA4/7 injections at both rates on white spruce grafted trees and Norway spruce; the implants reduced them only on the grafted white spruce given the low rate. For the spruces, treatments with GA4/7 did not influence bud mortality. Foliage chlorosis and mortality, evident on jack pine but not on white or Norway spruce trees, was more severe with injections than with implants.

Limited impacts of truck-based ultra-low-volume applications of mosquito adulticides on mortality in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Rinkevich ◽  
J.W. Margotta ◽  
V. Pokhrel ◽  
T.W. Walker ◽  
R.H. Vaeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
High Label ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractAdulticides applied against mosquitoes can reduce vector populations during times of high arbovirus transmission. However, impacts of these insecticides on pollinators and other non-target organisms are of concern to mosquito control professionals, beekeepers and others. We evaluated mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus and Apis mellifera when caged insects were exposed to low and high label rates of four common adulticides (Aqua-Pursuit™ [permethrin], Duet® [prallethrin + sumithrin], Fyfanon® [malathion] and Scourge® [resmethrin]) at six distances up to 91.4 m from a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayer. Honey bee mortality was both absolutely low (<10%) and low relative to mosquito mortality for most products, distances, and application rates. Exceptions were at the high rate of Fyfanon (honey bee mortality of 22–100% at distances ≤61 m) and the low rate of Scourge (mortality <10% for both insects). The greatest ratios of mosquito-to-honey bee mortality were found for the low rate of Fyfanon (30× greater) and the high rate of Duet (50× greater). Aqua-Pursuit and Fyfanon tended to increase mortality of both species at closer distances and at higher application rate; this was related to increased number and size of spray droplets. Wind speed and temperature had inconsistent effects on mortality of mosquitoes only. In this bioassay designed to have insects directly intercept insecticide droplets, mosquito adulticides applied at low rates and at >61 m had limited impacts on honey bee mortality while providing effective mosquito control.

scholarly journals Cranberry Tolerance to Clopyralid

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Patten ◽  
John Wang ◽  
Fred Katz ◽  
Don Riemer ◽  
Chuck Kusek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Pyridinecarboxylic Acid ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Low Rate

Tolerance of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) at different phenological stages to the postemergent broadleaf herbicide clopyralid (0.21 or 0.42 kg a.i./ha) was evaluated in Washington, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin. Tolerance varied among states, rates, and application times. Applications made during early shoot growth, especially at the high rate, usually resulted in the most crop injury (leaf cupping and epinasty and reduced yield); while applications at the low rate made after vegetative development occurred usually resulted in less or no injury. No phytotoxicity occurred when applications were made before shoot growth (Washington and New Jersey). Chemical name used: 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (clopyralid).

scholarly journals Mortality Rate of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Exposed to Insecticidal Granular Fly Baits Containing Indoxacarb, Dinotefuran, or Cyantraniliprole

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2474-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi K Zahn ◽  
David L Cox ◽  
Alec C Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Management Program ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Application

Abstract The mortality rate of a field population of house fly (Musca domestica L.) was determined for a granular fly bait containing the active ingredient indoxacarb, which was compared to two commercially available granular fly baits containing either dinotefuran or cyantraniliprole. Indoxacarb was applied at three different application rates 0.498, 0.986, and 1.972 g/m2 (low, medium, and high). Time to 50% mortality was fastest for dinotefuran (5.7 h) and slowest for the low application rate of indoxacarb (10.3 h). Time to 90% mortality was fastest for the high application rate of indoxacarb (27.7 h) and slowest for dinotefuran (51.0 h) and cyantraniliprole (45.9 h). Among the three indoxacarb application rates, the high rate reached both 50 and 90% fly mortality significantly faster than the low rate. The medium rate did not significantly differ from either the high or low application rates. Dinotefuran bait produced greater fly mortality than all other treatments at 30-min post-exposure, with mortality for remaining baits exceeding controls by 3- to 6-h post-exposure. All insecticidal baits produced similar fly mortality by 6-h post-exposure and >94% fly mortality by 96-h post-exposure, indicating that each may be effective in a fly management program. Flies consumed a similar amount of the indoxacarb (regardless of application rate) and dinotefuran baits, but consumed less of the cyantraniliprole bait, suggesting a feeding irritancy or toxicity effect manifested during consumption. Nevertheless, flies consumed enough cyantraniliprole bait to cause mortality similar to other baits by 6-h post-exposure.

Field Performance of Five Species in Four Different Containers in Maine

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
David I. Maass ◽  
Andrea N. Colgan ◽  
N. Lynn Cochran ◽  
Carl L. Haag ◽  
James A. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Abstract Long-term performance of container-grown seedlings in Maine was unknown in the late 1970s. A study was established to test the performance of five conifer species: Norway, white and black spruce, and red and jack pine, grown in four containers of similar volume: Can-Am Multipot #1, Multipot #2, Japanese Paperpot FH408, and Styroblock 4. Seven years after outplanting, stem heights of jack pine and red pine were significantly greater for trees started in Multipot #2 containers. Three spruce species with the greatest growth were started in Multipot #1 containers. Paperpot seedlings ranked second in height for pines, Norway spruce, and white spruce; Styroblock 4's ranked last for all species. North. J. Appl. For. 6:183-185, December 1989.

Structural and Ferromagnetic Properties of Fe3Si Thin Films Sputter-Deposited on Si(001)

2009 ◽  
Vol 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siao Li LIEW ◽  
Debbie Hwee Leng SENG ◽  
Hui Ru TAN ◽  
Dongzhi CHI
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Ferromagnetic Properties ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Microstructural Morphology ◽  
Sputter Deposited ◽  
Post Deposition ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractFe3Si thin films were deposited on Si(001) from magnetron sputtering with varying deposition rates and subjected to post-deposition anneal (PDA). Structural investigations via XRD, SIMS and cross-sectional TEM reveal that high rate-deposited Fe3Si is amorphous while low rate-deposited Fe3Si is poly-crystalline with significant differences observed at the Fe3Si/Si interfaces. The structural differences were attributed to the influence of deposition rate on the grain nucleation and microstructural morphology in the as-deposited Fe3Si and the subsequent annealed films which in turn determine the ferromagnetic properties. Magnetic properties of Fe3Si deposited at high rate degrade with PDA - coercive field Hc increases from 1 to 14 Oe while saturation magnetization Ms decreases from ˜940 to 590 emu/cm3. In contrast, Fe3Si film sputter-deposited at low rate has a Hc of 5 Oe, Ms of ˜920 emu/cm3 and remnant magnetization Mr ˜0.9Ms that are maintained even upon PDA at 350 oC.

scholarly journals CO2 Enriched Air Increased Growth of Conifer Seedlings

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Conifer Seedlings

The dry weight of 3-week-old seedlings of white spruce, Norway spruce, jack pine and Scots pine was 30–80% greater than the control when grown in atmospheres enriched 3- to 5-fold with carbondioxide. Seedlings also responded positively to a difference in light intensity. CO2 enriched atmospheres might profitably be used for the short term propagation of tree seedlings grown in greenhouses.

Biological performance of the white pine weevil in different host species and in two ecological regions of southern Quebec

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2026-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Boucher ◽  
Yves Mauffette ◽  
Robert Lavallée
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Host Species ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
White Pine Weevil

The performance of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) was studied on five different host species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Attacked terminal leaders were collected prior to adult emergence, within two different ecological regions of Quebec, the Outaouais and Appalaches regions. According to their natural range, jack pine was studied only in the Outaouais region and red spruce only in the Appalaches one. Weevil performance did not differ between regions but differed among host species. The number of eggs laid per leader was greatest on jack pine, white pine, and Norway spruce (279, 219, and 218 eggs per leader, respectively). Adults emerging from white pine were the heaviest (0.0104 g). The number of adults per leader was greater on Norway spruce and white pine (34 and 23 adults, respectively), and survival tended to be greater on Norway spruce and white spruce leaders (18 and 15%, respectively). Norway spruce had the longest leaders, and jack pine had the thickest ones. Leader dimensions were correlated with all variables of weevil performance, except insect survival, but these characteristics explain only a small part of the variation in weevil performance. Norway spruce and white pine can be considered favourable hosts for rapid population buildup according to the high number of emerging adults per attacked leader.

scholarly journals Early Response of High-density Peaches in Sod to Different Irrigation and Fertilizer Treatments

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 792E-792
Author(s):  
Richard E.C. Layne ◽  
Chin S. Tan ◽  
David M. Hunter ◽  
Robert A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Early Response ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Low Rate

Seven high-density (606 trees/ha) management systems for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harrow Beauty/Bailey] were compared on Fox sand in southwestern Ontario. Each system had an irrigation component (N = none D = drip, M = microsprinkler) and a fertilizer placement component (B = banded, L= low-rate fertigation, H = high rate fertigation). NB (nonirrigated, banded fertilizer) and DB (drip-irrigated) are commonly used systems in Ontario, while the other five treatment combinations were experimental. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was generally greatest for DH and DB systems, smallest for ML and NB systems, and intermediate for the other three. No symptoms of N or K deficiency or excess were noted for any of the fertilizer treatments. The seven management systems each had similar cumulative yield efficiencies for the first 4 cropping years However, total marketable yields for the 4 years were highest for MB (58.7 t·ha–1), followed in descending order by DB (56.8 t·ha–1), DH (56.6 t·ha–1), MH (53.9 t·ha–1), DL (50.6 t·ha–1), ML (49.8 t·ha–1), and NB (47.5 t·ha–1). Each of the irrigated treatments outyielded the nonirrigated check (NB) and ranged from 4.8% to 23.6%. Only one of the irrigated treatments (MB) outyielded the irrigated check (DB), and by only 3.3%. There was no clear advantage for either the drip or microsprinkler system of irrigation. Banded application of N and K appeared to promote higher yields than by fertigation equivalent to the banded rate, while yields at the low rate of fertigation were lower than for either the high rate of fertigation or the banded application. It appeared that banded fertilizer combined with either microsprinkler (MB) or drip irrigation DB provided the most-effective of the management systems in the first 4 cropping years.

Factors Affecting Chloroacetanilide Injury to Corn (Zea mays)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 904-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loston Rowe ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Low Rate

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of herbicide, herbicide rate, genetic variability, and soil moisture content on the tolerance of corn seedlings to two chloroacetanilide herbicides. Alachlor and metolachlor were applied preemergence at 2.2, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.7 kg ha-1to 10 Great Lakes corn hybrids. Metolachlor appeared to be less injurious at the low rate and more injurious at the high rate than alachlor. Injury among the 10 hybrids tested varied significantly. Some of the hybrids appeared to tolerate alachlor more, while others tolerated metolachlor more indicating that even in a limited number of hybrids there was a spectrum of response. Six levels ranging from 8% to 22% soil moisture were evaluated for their effect on alachlor and metolachlor injury to corn seedlings. The herbicide injury ranged from no injury at the lowest soil moisture level to about 70% at the highest soil moisture level with 4.5 kg ha-1application rate of alachlor or metolachlor.

A Note on Groove Depth Changes Without Wear

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
F. C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Groove Depth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Weight Loss Method ◽  
Loss Method ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Low Rate

Abstract Tread wear rates during first wear measured by groove depth and weight changes do not always agree. Sometimes, the groove depth method shows a high rate and the weight loss method a low rate. Reported here are experiments designed to determine if grooves show depth changes without wear. Four tires were measured before mounting on a wheel, after mounting and inflation, and after inflation and storage. The mounted and inflated tires showed shallower shoulder grooves and deeper center grooves than the unmounted tires. In a second experiment, tires were measured immediately after a tread wear test and then stored mounted for two weeks before remeasuring. Each groove became deeper, and there was no change in the crown radius of any tire.

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