The endoplasmic reticulum in cardiovascular health and disease

The endoplasmic reticulum has an intricate network of pathways built to deal with the secretory and integral membrane protein synthesis demands of the cell, as well as adaptive responses set up for the endoplasmic reticulum to rely on when stressed. These pathways are both essential and complex, and because of these 2 factors, several situations can lead to a dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum and result in a dysfunctional cell with the potential to contribute to the progression of disease. The endoplasmic reticulum has been implicated in several metabolic, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, and renal diseases and disorders, and in particular, cardiovascular diseases. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in cardiovascular disease shows how the change in function of a particular microscopic organelle can lead to macroscopic changes in the form of disease.

Download Full-text

Adaptations in the Muscle Cell to Training: Role of the Na+-K+-Atpase

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h00-016 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 204-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Howard J. Green

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Flux ◽

Contractile Activity ◽

Integral Membrane Protein ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Muscle Strain ◽

Muscle Contractility ◽

Exercise Adaptation ◽

Altered Regulation ◽

Key Words Muscle

The plasticity of skeletal muscle is evident following the onset of regular contractile activity where extensive adaptations can be observed at all levels of organization. Among the properties subject to altered regulation is the Na+-K+-ATPase, an integral membrane protein distributed throughout the sarcolemma and t-tubule, which functions to maintain high Na+ and K+ transmembrane gradients. This protein is uniquely positioned to control muscle excitation and contraction processes, metabolic flux rates, and contractility. Pronounced and rapid upregulation in the Na+-K+-ATPase content can be observed within the first days of exercise and well before the other major ATPase proteins involved in Ca2+ and actomyosin cycling. Moreover, the Na+-K+-ATPase is subject to complex messenger regulation, involved both in the accommodation and the adaptive responses to contractile activity. This emphasizes that adaptive responses can be mediated soon after the onset of training and may have profound affects on muscle contractility and other cellular adaptations. Key Words: muscle, strain, exercise, adaptation, accommodation

Download Full-text

One-year Risks and Burdens of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19: Cardiovascular Manifestations of Long COVID

10.21203/rs.3.rs-940278/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ziyad Al-Aly ◽

Benjamin Bowe ◽

Yan Xie ◽

Evan Xu

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Department Of Veterans Affairs ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Health And Disease ◽

One Year ◽

Incident Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract The cardiovascular complications of acute COVID-19 are well described; however, a comprehensive characterization of the post-acute cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 at one year has not been undertaken. Here we use the US Department of Veterans Affairs national healthcare databases to build a cohort of 151,195 people with COVID-19, 3,670,087 contemporary and 3,656,337 historical controls to estimate risks and 1-year burdens of a set of pre-specified incident cardiovascular outcomes. We show that beyond the first 30 days of infection, people with COVID-19 are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease spanning several categories including cerebrovascular disorders, dysrhythmias, ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease, pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure, and thromboembolic disease. The risks and burdens were evident among those who were non-hospitalized during the acute phase of the infection and increased in a graded fashion according to care setting of the acute infection (non-hospitalized, hospitalized, and admitted to intensive care). Taken together, our results provide evidence that risk and 1-year burden of cardiovascular disease in survivors of acute COVID-19 are substantial. Care pathways of people who survived the acute episode of COVID-19 should include attention to cardiovascular health and disease.

Download Full-text

Exploring the Role of Endothelial Cell Resilience in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.120.314346 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yunling Gao ◽

Zorina S. Galis

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Research Effort ◽

Future Research ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

New Knowledge ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Disease Understanding

Traditionally, much research effort has been invested into focusing on disease, understanding pathogenic mechanisms, identifying risk factors, and developing effective treatments. A few recent studies unraveling the basis for absence of disease, including cardiovascular disease, despite existing risk factors, a phenomenon commonly known as resilience, are adding new knowledge and suggesting novel therapeutic approaches. Given the central role of endothelial function in cardiovascular health, we herein provide a number of considerations that warrant future research and considering a paradigm shift toward identifying the molecular underpinnings of endothelial resilience.

Download Full-text

Examining the causal mediating role of cardiovascular disease on the relationship between subclinical cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment: The Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study

Alzheimer s & Dementia ◽

10.1002/alz.045252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (S10) ◽

Author(s):

Ryan M Andrews ◽

Michelle C Carlson ◽

Vanessa Didelez

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Health Cognition ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

Novel Insights From Human Studies on the Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Mortality and Noncardiovascular Disease

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.120.314050 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christian M. Madsen ◽

Anette Varbo ◽

Børge G. Nordestgaard

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

High Density ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Health And Disease ◽

And Function

The vast majority of research about HDL (high-density lipoprotein) has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within cardiovascular disease prevention; however, failures with therapies aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol has left questions as to what the role and function of HDL in human health and disease is. Recent observational studies have further shown that extreme high HDL cholesterol is associated with high mortality leading to speculations that HDL could in some instances be harmful. In addition, evidence from observational, and to a lesser extent genetic, studies has emerged indicating that HDL might be associated with the development of other major noncardiovascular diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease. In this review, we discuss (1) the association between extreme high HDL cholesterol and mortality and (2) the emerging human evidence linking HDL to several major diseases outside the realm of cardiovascular disease.

Download Full-text

Advanced maternal age and the impact on maternal and offspring cardiovascular health

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00045.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 317 (2) ◽

pp. H387-H394 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christy-Lynn M. Cooke ◽

Sandra T. Davidge

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Advanced Maternal Age ◽

Limited Information ◽

In Utero Environment ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Health And Disease ◽

The Impact

Delaying pregnancy, which is on the rise, may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in both women and their children. The physiological mechanisms that lead to these effects are not fully understood but may involve inadequate adaptations of the maternal cardiovascular system to pregnancy. Indeed, there is abundant evidence in the literature that a fetus developing in a suboptimal in utero environment (such as in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and/or preeclampsia) is at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood, the developmental origins of health and disease theory. Although women of advanced age are at a significantly increased risk of pregnancy complications, there is limited information as to whether advanced maternal age constitutes an added stressor on the prenatal environment of the fetus, and whether or not this is secondary to impaired cardiovascular function during pregnancy. This review summarizes the current literature available on the impact of advanced maternal age on cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy and the role of maternal age on long-term health risks for both the mother and offspring.

Download Full-text