Nutrient control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis and function

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Harvey Anderson ◽  
Janice L. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Feedback Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain Neurotransmitter ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neurotransmitter Precursors ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

The significance of normal variations in dietary and plasma nutrient content to brain metabolism and function began to receive examination in the past decade. It is now clear that the brain is much more sensitive to variations in nutrient supply than previously thought. Indeed, it seems likely that the diet-induced plasma fluctuations in nutrients, either as a result of their cofactor roles or as neurotransmitter precursors, are important components of feedback systems assisting the brain in controlling many of its functions. This discovery has suggested new approaches to understanding mechanisms controlling brain function and to treatment of diseases of the brain.

scholarly journals Die brein soos beskou deur die Grieke en Romeine

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois P. Retief ◽  
Louise Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
The Brain

In Ancient Egypt mummification was associated with extensive organ resection, but the brain was removed through a hole cut in the ethnocide bone. It was thus not observed as an organ. Greek writers of the 6th and 5th centuries BC originally said the brain was the seat of intelligence, the organ of sensory perception and partially the origin of sperm. The substance pneuma, originating from fresh air, played an essential role in brain function. Hippocrates initially described the brain as a double organ, covered by meninges and responsible for perception. Contemporaries like Plato, Aristotle and Diocles confirmed the findings though the latter two considered the heart to be the centre of intelligence. During the late 4th century BC, with the onset of the Hellenistic era of medicine, dissection of the human body was temporarily allowed at the medical school of Alexandria, and this led to a remarkable advance in the understanding of human anatomy and physiology under Herophilus and Erasistratus. Their excellent descriptions of the structure and function of the brain was only matched and surpassed by Galen in the 2nd century AD.

scholarly journals Studies of Altered Social Cognition in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Using Functional Neuroimaging

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L Grady ◽  
Michelle L Keightley
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Self Reference

In this paper, we review studies using functional neuroimaging to examine cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. The focus is on social cognition, which is a topic that has received increasing attention over the past few years. A network of brain regions is proposed for social cognition that includes regions involved in processes relevant to social functioning (for example, self reference and emotion). We discuss the alterations of activity in these areas in patients with autism, depression, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder in relation to deficits in social behaviour and symptoms. The evidence to date suggests that there may be some specificity of the brain regions involved in these 4 disorders, but all are associated with dysfunction in the amygdala and dorsal cingulate gyrus. Although there is much work remaining in this area, we are beginning to understand the complex interactions of brain function and behaviour that lead to disruptions of social abilities.

Mind Shift

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

This book draws on the latest research on the human brain to show how it differs strikingly from those of other animals in its structure and function at molecular and cellular level. It argues that this ‘shift’, enlarging the brain, giving it greater flexibility and enabling higher functions such as imagination, was driven by tool use, but especially by the development of one remarkable tool—language. The complex social interaction brought by language opened up the possibility of shared conceptual worlds, enriched with rhythmic sounds and images that could be drawn on cave walls. This transformation enabled modern humans to generate an exceptional human consciousness, a sense of self that arises as a product of our brain biology and the social interactions we experience. Linking early work by the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky to the findings of modern neuroscience, the book also explores how language, culture, and society mediate brain function, and what this view of the human mind may bring to our understanding and treatment of mental illness.

Nutrition during early childhood years and a risk of mental diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
O.K. Netrebenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Brain

At present, the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adults is growing rapidly. For example, according to statistical data, the prevalence rates of all mental diseases in Russia have grown by 10 times during the past 45 years. Apparently, one of the causes might be impairment of the processes of normal programming of metabolic and brain function, which occurs during the critical period of the first 1000 days of life. Any imbalances in the environment and nutrition in that period might change the function of genes responsible for production of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and other molecules involved in synaptogenesis, dendritic synthesis. A factor influencing the brain development processes that is most accessible for modification is nutrition. Nutrition of a pregnant woman and baby, as well as the state of intestinal microbiota, influence the expression of genes important for an adequate brain development. Key words: nutrition, brain development, neuropsychological disorders

scholarly journals Phosphatidylserine in the brain: Metabolism and function

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Yong Kim ◽  
Bill X. Huang ◽  
Arthur A. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Proton NMR studies of brain metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 333 (1632) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Glycolytic Metabolism ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

As a result of several technical developments that have taken place over the past few years, it is now possible to obtain 1 H spectra of very high quality from localized regions of the human brain. 1 H spectroscopy provides scope for detecting a wide range of metabolites, and offers spatial resolution that is superior to that available with other nuclei. The animal and clinical studies that have so far been reported indicate that abnormal 1 H spectra are associated with a variety of disorders of the brain. Among the metabolites of interest are lactate and N -acetylaspartate. The signal from lactate can provide information about abnormal glycolytic metabolism, for example in brain tumours and cerebrovascular disease. N -Acetylaspartate is believed to be located primarily in neurons, and its signal could prove to be particularly useful as a non-invasive marker for neurons.

scholarly journals Lactate Transport and Signaling in the Brain: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Roles in Body—Brain Interaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Hildegard Bergersen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Lactate acts as a ‘buffer’ between glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. In addition to being exchanged as a fuel by the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) between cells and tissues with different glycolytic and oxidative rates, lactate may be a ‘volume transmitter’ of brain signals. According to some, lactate is a preferred fuel for brain metabolism. Immediately after brain activation, the rate of glycolysis exceeds oxidation, leading to net production of lactate. At physical rest, there is a net efflux of lactate from the brain into the blood stream. But when blood lactate levels rise, such as in physical exercise, there is net influx of lactate from blood to brain, where the lactate is used for energy production and myelin formation. Lactate binds to the lactate receptor GPR81 aka hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor (HCAR1) on brain cells and cerebral blood vessels, and regulates the levels of cAMP. The localization and function of HCAR1 and the three MCTs (MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4) expressed in brain constitute the focus of this review. They are possible targets for new therapeutic drugs and interventions. The author proposes that lactate actions in the brain through MCTs and the lactate receptor underlie part of the favorable effects on the brain resulting from physical exercise.

Medical Neurobiology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Travel Guide ◽  
Neural Communication ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Nervous System

This textbook guides the medical student, regardless of background or intended specialty, through the anatomy and function of the human nervous system. In writing specifically for medical students, the author concentrates on the neural contributions to common diseases, whether neurological or not, and omits topics without clinical relevance. The two fundamental building blocks of the nervous system are neural communication and neuroanatomy. Foundations in both topics must be mastered. After learning the neurons and glial cells that comprise the nervous system, the book begins with a study of the anatomy of the nervous system before moving on to neural communication. With these basics of neurophysiology and neuroanatomy in hand, the reader is ready to tackle how the brain “works” by examining perception, voluntary movement, and homeostasis. The book is intended as a “travel guide” to the human brain, one that communicates to the reader the profound power and beauty of brain function while providing a memorable and enjoyable trip.

scholarly journals Linoleic acid–good or bad for the brain?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameer Y. Taha
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIncreased intake of omega-6 rich plant oils such as soybean and corn oil over the past few decades has inadvertently tripled the amount of n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) in the diet. Although LA is nutritionally “essential”, very little is known about how it affects the brain when present in excess. This review provides an overview on the metabolism of LA by the brain and the effects of excess dietary LA intake on brain function. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that excess dietary LA increases the brain’s vulnerability to inflammation and likely acts via its oxidized metabolites. In humans, excess maternal LA intake has been linked to atypical neurodevelopment, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. It is concluded that excess dietary LA may adversely affect the brain. The potential neuroprotective role of reducing dietary LA merits clinical evaluation in future studies.

scholarly journals Metabolic predictors of ischemic stroke: Protein C, D-dimers, macroand microelements (review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Л.Л. Клименко ◽  
А.В. Скальный ◽  
М.Л. Благонравов ◽  
А.Н. Мазилина ◽  
М.Н. Буданова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Гематологические нарушения и гиперкоагуляционные состояния лежат в основе механизма ишемизации мозговой ткани. На образование и структуру фибрина влияют двухвалентные ионы, что в конечном итоге приводит к изменению вязкости крови, тромбоцитозу и нарушению процесса свертывания. Изменение макро- и микроэлементного баланса служит маркером нейротрофических нарушений в работе мозга задолго до их клинических проявлений: дисбаланс металло-лигандного гомеостаза является неблагоприятным фоном для дебюта ишемического инсульта. Поэтому исследование многоступенчатых гомеостатических механизмов, обеспечивающих связь кровоснабжения мозга с его метаболизмом и функцией, является ключевым пунктом при анализе патогенетических процессов нарушения мозгового кровообращения. Высокая энергетическая потребность мозга зависит от нормального кровоснабжения и постоянной регионарной перфузии. В многофакторной системе свертывания крови ключевое место занимают специфические белки - протеин С и D-димеры, а также макро- и микроэлементы. Hematological disorders and hypercoagulability underlie the mechanism of brain ischemia. The formation and structure of fibrin are affected by divalent ions, which ultimately leads to changes in blood viscosity, thrombocytosis, and coagulopathy. Changes in the balance of macro- and microelements can predict neurotrophic disorders in the brain long before their clinical manifestation, since the disturbed metal-ligand homeostasis is an unfavorable factor for the onset of ischemic stroke. Thus, studying the multi-stage homeostatic mechanisms for the interplay of cerebral circulation and brain metabolism and function is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disorders. Normal blood supply and constant regional perfusion provide for the high brain demand for energy. Specific proteins, including protein C and D-dimers, as well as macro- and microelements, play a key role in the multifactorial coagulation system.

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