Adult survival and temporary emigration in the common toad

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Frétey ◽  
Emmanuelle Cam ◽  
Bernard Le Garff ◽  
Jean-Yves Monnat
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
First Order ◽  
Temporary Emigration ◽  
Lek Mating ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Intermittent Breeding ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

In vertebrates exhibiting intermittent breeding, breeding activity is a factor of critical importance in capture–recapture studies using data from individually marked animals. Nonbreeders can be absent from locations used by breeders and can be considered "temporary emigrants". We addressed the influence of sex on survival in common toads, Bufo bufo (L., 1758), using the Joly–Seber model and the existance of temporary emigration in male common toads by assessing trap-dependence and by conducting a robust design analysis. We addressed the hypothesis that the probability of the presence of an individual in the study area depends on the presence of the individual the year before (i.e., that transitions between reproductive states are a first-order Markovian process). Results provided support for the hypotheses of random temporary emigration, of sex-specific differences in survival, and of the presence of "transients" in males. Females had intermediate survival compared with the groups of "transients + residents" and "resident" males. Females had lower recapture probability under the Joly–Seber model, which may be interpreted as evidence of lower breeding probability or lower detectability of breeding females. Behaviour may explain this difference in that females may attend ponds for shorter periods. This may be common in species where females aggregate to seek fertilization and lay eggs in locations attended by males and in species with a "resource-based lek" mating system.

A Note on Levine’s Formula for Equating Unequally Reliable Tests Using Data From the Common Item Nonequivalent Groups Design

1991 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley A. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Test Score ◽  
First Order ◽  
Common Item ◽  
Nonequivalent Groups ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Observed Score ◽  
True Scores

Levine’s formula for equating unequally reliable tests using data collected in the common item nonequivalent groups equating design is an estimate of a linear function relating true scores on two test forms to be equated. Because a function relating true scores is applied to the observed score, it is not clear how the resulting converted observed score is in any sense comparable to the observed score it is being equated to. This article demonstrates that Levine’s formula can be interpreted as a method of moments estimate of an equating function that results in first order equity of the equated test score under a classical congeneric model.

scholarly journals The Rule of St. Benedict and Modern Liberal Authority

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
Linda Zagzebski
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
First Order ◽  
Authority Structure ◽  
Joseph Raz ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

In this paper I examine the sixth century Rule of St. Benedict, and argue that the authority structure of Benedictine communities as described in that document satisfies well-known principles of authority defended by Joseph Raz. This should lead us to doubt the common assumption that pre-modern models of authority violate the modern ideal of the autonomy of the self. I suggest that what distinguishes modern liberal authority from Benedictine authority is not the principles that justify it, but rather the first order beliefs for the sake of which authority is sought by the individual, and the degree of trust between the authority and the subject. 

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Calculation of Predictive Odds for Possible Carriers of Haemophilia

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 740-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. M Prentice ◽  
C. D Forbes ◽  
Sandra Morrice ◽  
A. D McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Factor Viii Related Antigen ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Betting Odds

SummaryBetting odds for possible carriers of haemophilia have been calculated using data derived from normal and known carrier populations. For each possible carrier the concentration of factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII biological activity was measured and used to determine the probability of the individual being a carrier. The calculations indicated that, of the 32 possible carriers, 11 were likely to be normal (odds of more than 5:1) while 11 were likely to be haemophilia carriers (again odds of more than 5:1).

Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

What Can Economists Contribute to the Common Good Tradition?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Yuengert
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Common Pool Resources ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Although most economists are skeptical of or puzzled by the Catholic concept of the common good, a rejection of the economic approach as inimical to the common good would be hasty and counterproductive. Economic analysis can enrich the common good tradition in four ways. First, economics embodies a deep respect for economic agency and for the effects of policy and institutions on individual agents. Second, economics offers a rich literature on the nature of unplanned order and how it might be shaped by policy. Third, economics offers insight into the public and private provision of various kinds of goods (private, public, common pool resources). Fourth, recent work on the development and logic of institutions and norms emphasizes sustainability rooted in the good of the individual.

Punk as Folk: Continuities and Tensions in the UK and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Dale
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
Living Tradition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Numerous claims have been made by a wide range of commentators that punk is somehow “a folk music” of some kind. Doubtless there are several continuities. Indeed, both tend to encourage amateur music-making, both often have affiliations with the Left, and both emerge at least partly from a collective/anti-competitive approach to music-making. However, there are also significant tensions between punk and folk as ideas/ideals and as applied in practice. Most obviously, punk makes claims to a “year zero” creativity (despite inevitably offering re-presentation of at least some existing elements in every instance), whereas folk music is supposed to carry forward a tradition (which, thankfully, is more recognized in recent decades as a subject-to-change “living tradition” than was the case in folk’s more purist periods). Politically, meanwhile, postwar folk has tended more toward a socialist and/or Marxist orientation, both in the US and UK, whereas punk has at least rhetorically claimed to be in favor of “anarchy” (in the UK, in particular). Collective creativity and competitive tendencies also differ between the two (perceived) genre areas. Although the folk scene’s “floor singer” tradition offers a dispersal of expressive opportunity comparable in some ways to the “anyone can do it” idea that gets associated with punk, the creative expectation of the individual within the group differs between the two. Punk has some similarities to folk, then, but there are tensions, too, and these are well worth examining if one is serious about testing out the common claim, in both folk and punk, that “anyone can do it.”

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