Dispersal, survival, and reproduction of wild-born, yearling swift foxes in a reintroduced population

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Ausband ◽  
K.R. Foresman
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vulpes Velox ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Reintroduced Population ◽  
Blackfeet Reservation

From 1998 to 2002, the Blackfeet Tribe and Defenders of Wildlife reintroduced 123 captive-reared swift foxes ( Vulpes velox (Say, 1823)) to the Blackfeet Reservation in northern Montana. Because yearling swift foxes are colonizers of vacant habitats and are at the periphery of range expansion, we estimated 1st-year survival and explored aspects of dispersal to ascertain the contribution of wild-born juveniles to the reintroduction effort. First-year survival (post den emergence) of swift foxes averaged 0.38 and 0.36 for 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, respectively. Half of the females that survived to 1 June of their 1st year reproduced. Most dispersal (77%) and mortality (85%) occurred in autumn, with 80% of mortalities attributable to predation. Dispersal distance was not different among sexes and averaged 10.4 km. Understanding the contribution of yearling swift foxes — the colonizers — to reestablishing populations is important because several entities are currently reintroducing swift foxes and some states have expanding populations.

scholarly journals Caryocar coriaceum (Caryocaraceae) diaspore removal and dispersal distance on the margin and in the interior of a Cerrado area in Northeastern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilney Charll Santos ◽  
Nicola Schiel ◽  
Elcida De Lima Araújo ◽  
Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
First Year ◽  
Local Loss ◽  
Forest Margin ◽  
Species Recruitment ◽  
Insect Attack

 The seed dispersal process is a crucial stage in plant regeneration and maintenance of forest biological diversity. While the number of removed seeds is quantitative, the distance to which a seed is removed from its origin is qualitative, because it affects the probability that a seed will germinate and recruit to the next life stage. However, the creation of forest margins can negatively affect the seed dispersal process, especially for large-diaspore plant species. In this study, the diaspore removal and dispersal distance of Caryocar coriaceum, a tree with large diaspores that is in danger of extinction, were analyzed. The study was conducted for two consecutive years in a protected forest in Northeastern Brazil. Each year, 1 200 diaspores with a nylon wire and a satin tape yellow were used and equally distributed in 120 experimental stations established on the forest margin and in the interior. During the first year of the study, no differences in diaspore removal and dispersal distance were found among the investigated environments. However, for the second year of the study, the number of removed diaspores differed significantly; nevertheless, the dispersal distance was not different between the forest margin and the interior. The low diaspore removal percentages suggest that species recruitment may be compromised because the diaspore accumulation close to the relatives enables higher fungi and insect attack. In addition, most of the few removed diaspores were found at short distances from their sources (up to 5 m), which can lead to low genetic variability. Virtually no diaspore was found buried by hoarding rodents, and no diaspore was found preyed upon by these animals. Evidence found in this study suggests the local loss of species dispersers, which can compromise the maintenance of forest biological diversity.

scholarly journals Territoriality, Prospecting, and Dispersal in Cooperatively Breeding Micronesian Kingfishers (Todiramphus Cinnamominus Reichenbachii)

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan C. Kesler ◽  
Susan M. Haig
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Temporally Correlated

Abstract We investigated territoriality, prospecting, and dispersal behavior in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Todiramphus cinnamominus reichenbachii) throughout the annual cycle using radiotelemetry and color-band resights. Mean home-range size was 6.3 ha and territories were 8.1 ha. Within territories, Micronesian Kingfishers shared 63% of their home-range space with coterritorial occupants, and 3% was shared with extraterritorial conspecifics. Birds on cooperative territories had larger home ranges that overlapped more with coterritory occupants' home ranges than birds in pair-held territories. Despite evidence suggesting that resources necessary for survival and reproduction occurred on each territory, Micronesian Kingfishers of all age and sex classes made extraterritorial prospecting movements. Prospecting was rare; it comprised only 4.3% of our observations. When birds departed on forays, they were gone for ∼1.9 h and returned to home territories before sunset. Prospecting by dominant birds was temporally correlated with courtship and nest initiation, and birds were observed at neighboring nest sites with opposite-sex conspecifics during the period when females were available for fertilization. Juveniles and helpers prospected throughout the year and made repeated homesteading movements to dispersal destinations before dispersing. Mean dispersal distance for radiomarked individuals was 849 m. Results suggest that prospecting in Micronesian Kingfishers is a complex behavior that provides information for dispersal decisions and familiarity with dispersal destinations. Additionally, extraterritorial movements may provide covert opportunities for reproduction, which have potential to profoundly influence the distribution of fitness among helper and dominant Micronesian Kingfishers. Territorialité, prospection et dispersion chez des Todiramphus cinnamominus reichenbachii présentant une reproduction coopérative

scholarly journals The impact of long-range dispersal on gene surfing

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 7584-7593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayson Paulose ◽  
Oskar Hallatschek
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Coarse Grained Model ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
The Impact

Range expansions lead to distinctive patterns of genetic variation in populations, even in the absence of selection. These patterns and their genetic consequences have been well studied for populations advancing through successive short-ranged migration events. However, most populations harbor some degree of long-range dispersal, experiencing rare yet consequential migration events over arbitrarily long distances. Although dispersal is known to strongly affect spatial genetic structure during range expansions, the resulting patterns and their impact on neutral diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically study the consequences of long-range dispersal on patterns of neutral variation during range expansion in a class of dispersal models which spans the extremes of local (effectively short-ranged) and global (effectively well-mixed) migration. We find that sufficiently long-ranged dispersal leaves behind a mosaic of monoallelic patches, whose number and size are highly sensitive to the distribution of dispersal distances. We develop a coarse-grained model which connects statistical features of these spatial patterns to the evolution of neutral diversity during the range expansion. We show that growth mechanisms that appear qualitatively similar can engender vastly different outcomes for diversity: Depending on the tail of the dispersal distance distribution, diversity can be either preserved (i.e., many variants survive) or lost (i.e., one variant dominates) at long times. Our results highlight the impact of spatial and migratory structure on genetic variation during processes as varied as range expansions, species invasions, epidemics, and the spread of beneficial mutations in established populations.

Dispersal and range expansion by the cardinal: an analysis of banding records

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Dow ◽  
D. M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
First Year ◽  
Subsequent Period

Patterns of dispersal by the cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis, a species that has been undergoing range expansion for over 70 years, were analyzed from banding data. About 13% of 1523 foreign retraps and recoveries were found outside the 10-min block of latitude and longitude in which they had been banded. Significantly more immatures than adults dispersed; sexual differences were not pronounced. Dispersal was more common among young birds, but was not restricted to first-year birds. More distant movements probably occur in the first year and mortality may be related to distance travelled. As cardinals become older, females may become more sedentary than males. Cardinals travelled greater distances between 1933 and 1942 than in any subsequent period, and the greatest increase in numbers dispersing occurred between 1953 and 1962. Range expansion has possibly resulted from shifts in general centers of dispersal, as banding recoveries do not suggest large-scale unidirectional movements. The relation of these results to published accounts of range expansion by the cardinal is discussed.

scholarly journals From sectors to speckles: The impact of long-range migration on gene surfing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayson Paulose ◽  
Oskar Hallatschek
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Coarse Grained Model ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
The Impact

Range expansions lead to distinctive patterns of genetic variation in populations, even in the absence of selection. These patterns and their genetic consequences have been well-studied for populations advancing through successive short-ranged migration events. However, most populations harbor some degree of long-range dispersal, experiencing rare yet consequential migration events over arbitrarily long distances. Although dispersal is known to strongly affect spatial genetic structure during range expansions, the resulting patterns and their impact on neutral diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically study the consequences of long-range dispersal on patterns of neutral variation during range expansion in a class of dispersal models which spans the extremes of local (effectively short-ranged) and global (effectively well-mixed) migration. We find that sufficiently long-ranged dispersal leaves behind a mosaic of monoallelic patches, whose number and size are highly sensitive to the distribution of dispersal distances. We develop a coarse-grained model which connects statistical features of these spatial patterns to the evolution of neutral diversity during the range expansion. We show that growth mechanisms that appear qualitatively similar can engender vastly different outcomes for diversity: depending on the tail of the dispersal distance distribution, diversity can either be preserved (i.e. many variants survive) or lost (i.e. one variant dominates) at long times. Our results highlight the impact of spatial and migratory structure on genetic variation during processes as varied as range expansions, species invasions, epidemics, and the spread of beneficial mutations in established populations.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict in twins: male co-twins reduce fitness of female Soay sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Korsten ◽  
Tim Clutton-Brock ◽  
Jill G. Pilkington ◽  
Josephine M. Pemberton ◽  
Loeske E. B. Kruuk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
First Year ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Sibling Interactions ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Males and females often have different requirements during early development, leading to sex-specific interactions between developing offspring. In polytocous mammals, competition for limited resources in utero may be asymmetrical between the sexes, and androgens produced by male foetuses could have adverse effects on the development of females, with potentially long-lasting consequences. We show here, in an unmanaged population of Soay sheep, that female lambs with a male co-twin have reduced birth weight relative to those with a female co-twin, while there was no such effect in male twins. In addition, females with a male co-twin had lower lifetime breeding success, which appeared to be mainly driven by differences in first-year survival. These results show that sex-specific sibling interactions can have long-term consequences for survival and reproduction, with potentially important implications for optimal sex allocation.

scholarly journals Geographic variation in dispersal distance facilitates range expansion of a lake shore plant in response to climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1429-1440
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. LaRue ◽  
Nancy C. Emery ◽  
Laura Briley ◽  
Mark R. Christie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Lake Shore

Conserving declining species using incomplete demographic information: what help can we expect from the use of matrix population models?

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Hemerik ◽  
Chris Klok
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Population Models ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Matrix Population Models ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Declining Species ◽  
Set Up

AbstractDue to human activity, many species have strongly declined in number and are currently threatened with extinction. Management directed at conservation of these species can benefit from the use of simple population models such as matrix models. However, for many species, data on survival and reproduction are scarce. Therefore, we set up a general framework based on a matrix model with three parameters: reproduction, juvenile (=first year survival) and adult survival in which incomplete data can be analysed. This framework is applicable to species that can mature after their first year of life. The point in a calendar year at which the population size is determined, i.e. the census time, is varied. We discuss the differences and the similarities between matrices modelling the same population at different census times. The population growth rate and the elasticity of the survival and reproduction parameters have been determined analytically. From these we made, as a visual diagnostic tool (general framework), plots of the growth rate and the elasticity pattern and their dependence on actual values of the reproduction parameter and the juvenile and adult survival. To illustrate the use of this framework we plot and discuss literature data on survival and/or reproduction of a few bird species with a juvenile stage of one year in the light of our modelling results.

scholarly journals Migratory behaviour and survival of Great Egrets after range expansion in Central Europe

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9002
Author(s):  
Radosław Włodarczyk ◽  
Daria Szafara ◽  
Krzysztof Kaczmarek ◽  
Tomasz Janiszewski ◽  
Piotr Minias
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Great Egret ◽  
Annual Survival ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Western Palearctic

Great Egret Ardea alba is one of few Western Palearctic species that underwent a rapid range expansion in the recent decades. Originally breeding in central and eastern Europe, the species has spread in northern (up to the Baltic coast) and western (up to the western France) directions and established viable breeding populations throughout almost entire continent. We monitored one of the first Great Egrets colonies established in Poland to infer migratory patterns and survival rates directly after range expansion. For this purpose, we collected resightings from over 200 Great Egret chicks marked between 2002–2017 in central Poland. Direction of migration was non-random, as birds moved almost exclusively into the western direction. Wintering grounds were located mainly in the western Europe (Germany to France) within 800–950 km from the breeding colony. First-year birds migrated farther than adults. We found some, although relatively weak, support for age-dependent survival of Great Egrets and under the best-fitted capture-recapture model, the estimated annual survival rate of adults was nearly twice higher than for first-year birds (φad = 0.85 ± 0.05 vs. φfy = 0.48 ± 0.15). Annual survival rate under the constant model (no age-related variation) was estimated at φ = 0.81 ± 0.05. Our results suggest that Great Egrets rapidly adapted to novel ecological and environmental conditions during range expansion. We suggest that high survival rate of birds from central Poland and their western direction of migration may facilitate further colonization processes in western Europe.

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