Response of host embryonic chicks to grafts of additional adrenal glands. 1. Response of host adrenal glands, gonads, and kidneys

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Gland Tissue

The response of host embryonic chicks to the presence of additional amounts of adrenal gland tissue has been explored by grafting an additional gland from an 18-day embryonic donor to the chorioallantoic membrane of an 8-day embryonic host. The grafts were maintained for up to 10 days.The graft had no effect on the body weight of the host, nor on proliferation within the kidney. Proliferation within the gonad of the host was significantly depressed from 1 day postgrafting.Effects of the graft on the host adrenal glands were confined to hyperplasia of cortical tissue up to 12 days of incubation and subsequent reduced proliferation to 18 days. The medullary tissue did not respond to the graft.The significance of these results is discussed in terms of normal development of the adrenal gland, seasonal variations in adrenal function, and the establishment of the adrenal–gonad axis.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland size in two body weight categories of healthy adult cats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2097496
Author(s):  
Laura Pérez-López ◽  
Ana María Wägner ◽  
Pedro Saavedra ◽  
Jose Raduan Jaber ◽  
Carlos Melián
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gland Size

Objectives Adrenal gland size and its association with body weight have been rarely evaluated in cats. This study was undertaken to assess the association between feline body weight and adrenal gland thickness, and to propose reference intervals (RIs) for adrenal gland thickness in healthy cats. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 39 healthy cats were included. The cats were divided into two weight categories, classified as ⩽4.0 kg and >4–8 kg of ideal body weight (with 13 and 26 cats in each group, respectively), which took into consideration the body condition score of the cats. All cats underwent an ultrasound examination that was taken from a subcostal position. Maximum dorsoventral thicknesses of the left (MTL) and right (MTR) adrenal glands were measured in a sagittal plane. RIs were obtained for the maximum thickness (MT), which included the MTLs and MTRs of each cat. RIs with the 90% confidence intervals were calculated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines on RIs. Results No statistical differences for adrenal gland thickness were observed between the left and right ( P = 0.543) adrenal glands or between male and female cats ( P = 0.943). Mean MT was significantly greater in the group of cats weighing >4–8 kg compared with the group of cats weighing ⩽4 kg (3.7 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.4 mm; P <0.005). The lower limit of the RI for MT was 2.4 mm (range 2.2–2.6 mm) in the group weighing ⩽4 kg and 2.6 mm (range 2.4–2.8 mm) in the group weighing >4–8 kg. The upper limit of the RI for MT was 3.9 mm (range 3.7–4.1 mm) in the group of cats weighing ⩽4 kg and 4.8 mm (range 4.6–5.1 mm) in the group of cats weighing >4–8 kg. Conclusions and relevance The use of RIs based on two group sizes allows for a more accurate ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland thickness in cats. The maximum normal adrenal gland thickness is lower in smaller cats (3.9 mm for those weighing ⩽4 kg and 4.8 mm for those weighing >4–8 kg).

EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF IMMATURE RATS

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. WALL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Localized X-irradiation of the adrenal glands of male rats aged 3–36 days inhibited subsequent gain in body weight and in the growth of the adrenal glands, the degree of retardation depending on the dose applied (400–1800 r.). The cortico-medullary ratio was essentially the same in irradiated and control animals. As judged by compensatory hypertrophy of one adrenal gland after the removal of the other, adrenal function was unaffected by X-irradiation within the range of doses and ages investigated.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure of the adrenal gland of paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) in captivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Sérgio Pinter Garcia Filho ◽  
Leandro Luis Martins ◽  
Paulo Fernandes Marcusso ◽  
Tais Harumi de Castro Sasahara ◽  
Márcia Rita Fernandes Machado
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Lateral Incision ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) is a medium-sized rodent that belongs to the Brazilian fauna. Yet little information on its morphology is found in the specialized literature. Thus, the objective of the work was to study the morphology of the adrenal gland of paca by means of microscopic ultrastructure analysis. The adrenal gland secretes specialized substances in the body which promote biological functions of great importance and will provide valuable information to studies in comparative anatomy. Two (2) adult lowland pacas were used, male and female. Soon after death, the animals were positioned in the supine position; their abdominal cavities were opened by pre-retro umbilical and lateral incision followed by folding of the abdominal walls to expose the glands. The adrenal glands were removed; fragments were collected, fixed and prepared for ultrastructure observations using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was observed that the adrenal glands of the paca have divisions as well as the limits of the cortical and medullary region, as well as the subdivisions of the glomerulosa, fasciculated and reticulated areas of the cortical region as in other rodents. An ultrastructure of cells and their components also showed a lot of similarity to that already demonstrated in different rodents.

scholarly journals Gene profiling of human fetal and adult adrenals

2001 ◽  
Vol 171 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
WE Rainey ◽  
BR Carr ◽  
ZN Wang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
Mrna Gene

The mechanisms that lead to the steroidogenic differences in the human fetal adrenal (HFA) and adult adrenal gland are not known. However, gene expression clearly plays a critical role in defining their distinct steroidogenic and structural phenotypes. We used DNA microarrays to compare expression levels of several thousand transcripts between the HFA and adult adrenal gland. Total RNA was isolated from 18 HFA and 12 adult adrenal glands. Samples of total RNA were used to make five pools of poly A+ RNA (mRNA). Gene profiling was done using five independent microarrays that contained between 7075 and 9182 cDNA elements. Sixty-nine transcripts were found to have a greater than 2.5-fold difference in expression between HFA and adult adrenals. The largest differences were observed for transcripts that encode IGF-II (25-fold higher in HFA) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (24-fold higher in adult). Among the other genes, transcripts related to sterol biosynthesis or to growth and development were higher in the HFA than adult adrenals. Transcripts concerned with cellular immunity and signal transduction were preferentially expressed in the adult adrenal. The vast majority of the 69 transcripts have not been studied with regard to adrenal function. Thus, these gene profiles provide valuable information that could help define the mechanisms that control adrenal function.

EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE RELEASE OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND THE ONSET OF PUBERTY IN FEMALE RATS

1977 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. A. MEIJS-ROELOFS ◽  
P. KRAMER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

The involvement of the adrenal gland in the release of gonadotrophins and the onset of puberty in female rats was studied. Two and four days after adrenalectomy (ADX) on either day 5 or 10 after birth, a significant decrease in the concentration of FSH was found; 4 days after ADX on either day 15 or 20, FSH concentrations had increased significantly compared with sham-operated and/or intact controls. However, in the rats adrenalectomized on day 15 or 20, the body weights were lower than in control rats. Relative uterine weights (mg/100 g body wt) in adrenalectomized rats never differed from those of control rats. A delay in the time at which vaginal opening and the first oestrus occurred was found in rats adrenalectomized at 20 or 25 days of age; however this delay was accompanied in these rats by a retardation in the gain in body weight. It is argued that the effects of ADX on both the release of gonadotrophins and the onset of puberty are primarily, and presumably exclusively, due to the effects on general bodily development (expressed in body weight). The lack of effect of ADX on uterine weight supports the hypothesis that 'oestrogen-like' products from the adrenal gland are not biologically active as oestrogens.

scholarly journals Clinical Endocrinology: A Review of Adrenal Gland Hormonal and Endocrine Metabolic Disorders.

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Navya K
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Clinical Endocrinology ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Brain

Adrenal Gland The adrenal glands are controlled in part by the brain. The hypothalamus, a small area of the brain involved in hormonal regulation, produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). Vasopressin and CRH trigger the pituitary gland to secrete corticotropin (also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulated mostly by the kidneys, causes the adrenal glands to produce more or less aldosterone. The body controls the levels of corticosteroids according to need. The levels tend to be much higher in the early morning than later in the day. When the body is stressed, due to illness or otherwise, the levels of corticosteroids increase dramatically.

ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE PREMATURE AND NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-417
Author(s):  
Lytt I. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Hematopoietic Organ ◽  
Total Body

THE special nature of adrenal function in newborn infants has excited the curiosity of physicians for half a century. Three groups of workers in 1911 nearly simultaneously described the strange involution which occurs in the cortex of the newborn's adrenal gland. Since that time much speculation and a few experiments have added somewhat to our knowledge. The recent development of chemical techniques for the estimation of adrenal steroids in the urine and peripheral plasma of the newborn have provided some very interesting data. Let us review the earlier observations. The newborn adrenal glands weigh approximately .29 per cent of the total body weight, which is quite striking when compared with the adult glands averaging only about .014 per cent of total body weight. At the time of birth the infant's adrenal cortex is composed of 2 histologically distinguishable zones. One is an outer region ("adult cortex"), which is composed of a zona glomerulosa and of short strands of zona fasciculata. The inner region is quite extensive and makes up about 80 per cent of the entire newborn adrenal gland. This inner zone goes by several names: fetal transitional zone, internal cortex, or fetal androgenic zone. This zone is made up of large cells reminiscent of the adult zona reticularis. There is intense vascularization of this area, so much so that one early worker even suggested that it participates as a fetal hematopoietic organ. Involution of the fetal cortex begins just prior to or at birth in both full-term and premature infants.

The adrenal homologues in the lungfish Protopterus

1950 ◽  
Vol 137 (889) ◽  
pp. 549-562 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Chemical Technique ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Medullary Cells

No tissue representing the cortex of the adrenal gland has yet been described in the Dipnoi, though it is known in elasmobranchs and in all tetrapod vertebrates. In the mammalian adrenal, lipine-containing inclusions give the cortical cells a char­acteristic appearance at certain stages of their life history. All those viscera of Protopterus which might be suspected of containing cortical tissue were studied in sections by a histo-chemical technique specific for phospholipines. Large intracellular droplets containing phospholipine were demonstrated in a tissue widely distributed around the kidneys, gonads and dorsal aorta throughout the body cavity. The medullary homologue was identified by the chromaffin reaction, and proved to lie, as stated by Giacomini, in the walls of the intercostal branches of the dorsal aorta. The innerva­tion of these medullary cells, from the sympathetic chains, was demonstrated by a silver method. It is suggested that the lipine-containing tissue is that which became the cortex of tetrapods. Its distribution in Protopterus, and its relations with the medullary cells, are such that the elasmobranch and tetrapod adrenals could be derived from it by varying degrees of suppression and migration of the tissues. Amongst Amphibia the adrenal of the Gymnophiona is most similar in arrangement to that of Protopterus . The lipine tissue is so situated as to be readily available for biochemical and endocrinological studies.

TESTOSTERONE AND THE GROWTH OF MAMMARY GLANDS AND OTHER TISSUES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH THYROXINE, INSULIN AND CORTISONE

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 214-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Donovan ◽  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

ABSTRACT The reaction of the mammary glands to testosterone propionate was studied in gonadectomized, hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, insulin and cortisone in various combinations. The weight and length of the body and the weight of the liver, heart ventricles, adrenal glands, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate was also recorded. Growth of alveolar lobules, such as produced by injections of testosterone into rats with intact pituitary gland did not occur in any of the 3 groups of hypophysectomized rats studied, that is, neither after treatment with testosterone and 1) thyroxine and cortisone, 2) insulin and cortisone, nor 3) thyroxine, insulin and cortisone. An abnormal elongation of side buds and a hyperplasia and proliferation of ductal epithelium did occur and was most prominent in the group receiving insulin and cortisone. A marked increase in body length, as well as in body weight, was observed in the group treated with testosterone, thyroxine, insulin and cortisone. The results are discussed with regard to the enhanced growth response to ovarian hormones observed in this laboratory under similar conditions.

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