Acoustical signals related to reproduction in the spinulosus species group of Bufo (Amphibia, Bufonidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario V. Penna ◽  
Alberto M. Veloso
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Recognition Mechanism ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Acoustical Signals ◽  
Acoustic Component

Species of the spinulosus group of Bufo, B. chilensis, B. atacamensis, and B. spinulosus, do not emit a mating call during their reproductive activity. A release call is emitted by clasped males and the acoustic component of this signal produces rejection of the clasping male. Temporal and spectral analysis shows that these signals are species specific and therefore a useful complement in taxonomic diagnosis of these species. The release call is also emitted by B. spinulosus without contact with other individuals. This suggests that the signal is also a distance-recognition mechanism. During amplexus, B. chilensis and B. atacamensis emit vocalizations not reported for another Bufo species. Its significance has not been established and can represent a release-call modification during a particular physiological state of the animal. Interspecific variation of vocalizations in the spinulosus group is evidence to support the speciation model proposed for the group. Bufo spinulosus has the most divergent signal. Bufo chilensis and B. atacamensis are more related species and their evolutionary divergence is a later event in the radiation of the genus.

Investigating the species-specific association between anuran calling phenology and air temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Wong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Anuran Species ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Species Specific

Climate change has been associated in phenological shifts for a variety of taxa. Amphibians, specifically the order Anura (frogs and toads), are considered particularly vulnerable due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic and environmental change. Previous research has documented shifts in the timing of anuran breeding that can be attributed, in part, to climate change, with potential implications for reproduction, survival, and development. This study aims to investigate how air temperature is associated with anuran calling phenology. I will examine the temporal trends in spring and summer air temperature in a lake in northern Ontario, Canada. and quantify seasonal patterns of calling anuran species using acoustic monitoring over a four-month period. I predict that there will be interspecific variation in peak calling associated with air temperature. Additionally, I expect to find asymmetrical association between air temperature and anuran species’ calling behaviour – wherein prolonged breeding species will have a larger optimal temperature range for calling compared to explosive breeding species. The findings of this research will aid in future conservation and provide insight for management strategies of anurans in Canada in response to anticipated climate warming.

Species Delimitation and evolutionary history of tree frogs in the Hyla chinensis-group (Hylidae, Amphibian)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Pan ◽  
Guiyou Wu ◽  
Xing Kang ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Izaz Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Dabie Mountains ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Ancestral Area Reconstruction ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Species are the cornerstone in many domains of biology research, which made the accurate species delimitation became critically important. In this study, the systematics and biogeography of the Hyla chinensis -group were analyzed based on phylogeny, species delimitation and ancestral area reconstruction methods.Results The phylogenetic results showed six specific clusters existed in the H. chinensis- group. BPP analysis indicated that six distinct species exist due to the high probability values (>0.95), which were also supported by the BF analysis. The divergence time of the H. chinensis -group is estimated to date back to 18.84 Mya in the early Miocene. Combining the results of ancestral area reconstruction, the H. chinensis -group might have originated from Guangxi-Hainan, then spread eastwardly and reached Nanling mountains, Wuyi mountains, Huangshan mountains and Taiwan. In rightabout colonization, it is gradually extended to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan basin, Qinling mountains and Dabie mountains. Considering the geological movement from early Miocene to Pliocene, the colonization pattern of the H. chinensis -group maybe closely related to the progressive uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and historical climate change.Conclusions Our study provides evidence for species delimitation and speciation process within the H. chinensis -group. Our study supports the hypothesis that the evolutionary divergence in this species group was a consequence of the progressive uplift of QTP and environmental change.

Two new species of Diodontus (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae) from the western Mediterranean and their phylogenetic relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 558-583
Author(s):  
Eduardas Budrys ◽  
Anna Budrienė ◽  
Svetlana Orlovskytė ◽  
Villu Soon
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Two New Species

AbstractTwo new species of Diodontus Curtis, 1834 (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae) are described. Diodontus polytylus Budrys new species is widespread in North Africa, from Libya and Chad to Morocco, as well as in southern Spain and Portugal. Diodontus guichardi Budrys new species was found in several localities in Morocco. The new species have small differences in their morphology; however, they can be easily separated using molecular characters. Comparison of 17 molecular markers has revealed that the highest evolutionary divergence is observed in mitochondrial gene ND6 and internal transcribed spacer ITS2. The variable regions of the nuclear rDNA genes 18S and 28S demonstrated the lowest evolutionary divergence; thus they were of the least use for species identification. The most coherent reconstruction of phylogeny, in comparison to other groups of markers, was obtained using exons of nuclear protein-coding genes. A provisional key to the species of D. minutus (Fabricius, 1793) species group of the Mediterranean Region is presented.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Shotgun Analyses Reveal Complex Patterns of Intra- and Interspecific Variation in the Intestinal Microbiomes of Codfishes

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Even Sannes Riiser ◽  
Thomas H. A. Haverkamp ◽  
Srinidhi Varadharajan ◽  
Ørnulf Borgan ◽  
Kjetill S. Jakobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Shotgun Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT The relative importance of host-specific selection or environmental factors in determining the composition of the intestinal microbiome in wild vertebrates remains poorly understood. Here, we used metagenomic shotgun sequencing of individual specimens to compare the levels of intra- and interspecific variation of intestinal microbiome communities in two ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that have distinct behavior and habitats and three Gadidae species that occupy a range of ecological niches. Interestingly, we found significantly diverged microbiomes among the two Atlantic cod ecotypes. Interspecific patterns of variation are more variable, with significantly diverged communities for most species’ comparisons, apart from the comparison between coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose community compositions are not significantly diverged. The absence of consistent species-specific microbiomes suggests that external environmental factors, such as temperature, diet, or a combination thereof, comprise major drivers of the intestinal community composition of codfishes. IMPORTANCE The composition of the intestinal microbial community associated with teleost fish is influenced by a diversity of factors, ranging from internal factors (such as host-specific selection) to external factors (such as niche occupation). These factors are often difficult to separate, as differences in niche occupation (e.g., diet, temperature, or salinity) may correlate with distinct evolutionary trajectories. Here, we investigate four gadoid species with contrasting levels of evolutionary separation and niche occupation. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we observed distinct microbiomes among two Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) with distinct behavior and habitats. In contrast, interspecific patterns of variation were more variable. For instance, we did not observe interspecific differentiation between the microbiomes of coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose lineages underwent evolutionary separation over 20 million years ago. The observed pattern of microbiome variation in these gadoid species is therefore most parsimoniously explained by differences in niche occupation.

Estimating photosynthetic light-use efficiency using the photochemical reflectance index: variations among species

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianmin Guo ◽  
Craig M. Trotter
Keyword(s):  
Light Response ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Light Use Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Reflectance Index ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Relationship

Recent studies have shown that the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), derived from narrow waveband reflectance at 531 and 570 nm, can be used as a remote measure of photosynthetic light-use efficiency (LUE). However, uncertainty remains as to the consistency of the relationship between PRI and LUE across species. In this study we examined the relationship between the PRI and various photosynthetic parameters for a group of species with varying photosynthetic capacity. At constant irradiance, for the species group as a whole, the PRI was well correlated with LUE (r2=0.58) and with several other photosynthetic parameters, but best correlated with the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophylls contents (Caro / Chl). Despite the interspecific trends observed, determination of light response functions for the PRI in relation to photosynthetic parameters revealed that species-specific relationships were clearly stronger. For example, r2>0.90 for species-level PRI / LUE relationships. Also, the species-specific light-response data show that the magnitude of the PRI can be related to the magnitude of the saturated irradiance and the rate of CO2 uptake. As demonstrated here, a light response function provides a simple yet precise approach for characterising the relationship between the PRI and photosynthetic parameters, which should assist with improved evaluation of the usefulness of the PRI as a generalised measure of LUE.

scholarly journals Sensitivity in the antioxidant system of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.) to cold temperature: evidence for species-specific cold resistance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Rong Jin ◽  
Bin Wen ◽  
Zai-Zhong Chen ◽  
Jian-Zhong Gao ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Subordinate Function

ABSTRACTThe discus fish (Symphysodon spp.) is an endemic species of the Amazon that is among the most popular ornamental fish around the world, and is usually used as the model animal for studying the diversification of Amazon fish. Here, a comparative analysis of two species of discus fish, i.e., S. haraldi and S. aequifasciatus, based on several antioxidant indexes was conducted, to test the hypothesis that cold resistance might correlate with the diversification of discus fish. We set up a continuous sequence of three temperature programs, namely cooling (28 °C to 14 °C; -1 °C/h), cold maintenance (14 °C for 12 h) and recovery (14 °C to 28 °C; +1 °C/h). Subordinate function (SF) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the cold hardiness of S. haraldi during cold treatment was in the order of cooling > cold maintenance ≈ recovery, but the cold hardiness of S. aequifasciatus during cold treatment was in the order of cold maintenance > cooling > recovery. Specifically, the lowest cold hardiness was observed in S. aequifasciatus during recovery, indicating that cold stress resulted in more seriously oxidative stress in S. aequifasciatus than in S. haraldi. Overall, these results show a significant interspecific variation, indicating the correlation between environmental adaptation and the diversification of discus fish.

scholarly journals Effects of seasonality, fertilization and species on the chlorophyll a fluorescence as related with photosynthesis and leguminous tree growth during Amazonian forest restoration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Kirmayr Jaquetti ◽  
José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves ◽  
Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento ◽  
Karen Cristina Pires da Costa ◽  
Jair Max Fortunato Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
High Water ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Cost Effective Technique ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Degraded Ecosystems

AbstractThe ability of species to adjust their light energy uptake is determined during plant establishment and development. Changes in resource availability may impact energy fluxes and photosynthesis. General and specific variations in chlorophyll a fluorescence under high vs. low water and nutrient conditions have been studied. N2-fixing leguminous trees, which are commonly used in tropical forest restoration, seem to be very well adapted to degraded ecosystems. To understand the effects of biological nitrogen fixation on Chl a fluorescence variables, three of the six Fabaceae species selected for this study were N2-fixing species. Additionally, the correlation among Chl a fluorescence and growth, photosynthesis and nutrient levels was evaluated. A 24-month forest restoration experiment was established, and data on dark-adapted Chl a fluorescence, photosynthesis, diameter growth and foliar nutrients were collected. Multivariate analysis was performed to detect the effects of seasonality and fertilization. Under high water- and nutrient-availability conditions, plants exhibited enhanced performance index values that were correlated with electron transport fluxes. Under drought and nutrient-poor conditions, most species exhibited increased energy dissipation as a method of photoprotection. Great interspecific variation was found; therefore, species-specific responses to the test conditions should be considered in future studies. N2-fixing species showed increased performance index and maximum fluorescence values, indicating their ability to colonize high-light environments. Negative correlations were found between photosynthesis and trapped fluxes and between diameter growth and initial fluorescence. Electron transport fluxes were positively correlated with growth. Given the different responses identified among species, Chl a fluorescence is considered a cost-effective technique to screen for seasonality, nutrient and N2-fixing species effects and should be considered for use during forest restoration. Finally, including N2-fixing species and multiple fertilization treatments in related studies may greatly facilitate the restoration of biogeochemical cycles in the tropics.

scholarly journals 3D genome evolution and reorganization in the Drosophila melanogaster species group

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole S. Torosin ◽  
Aparna Anand ◽  
Tirupathi Rao Golla ◽  
Weihuan Cao ◽  
Christopher E. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Boundary Elements ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Chromosome Conformation ◽  
3D Genome ◽  
Sequence Elements ◽  
Integral Role

AbstractTopologically associating domains, or TADs, are functional units that organize chromosomes into 3D structures of interacting chromatin. TADs play an important role in regulating gene expression by constraining enhancer-promoter contacts; there is evidence that deletion of TAD boundaries leads to aberrant expression of neighboring genes. While the mechanisms of TAD formation have been well-studied, current knowledge on the extent of TAD conservation across species is inconclusive. Due to the integral role TADs play in gene regulation, their structure and organization is expected to be conserved during evolution. However, more recent research suggests that TAD structures diverge relatively rapidly. We use Hi-C chromosome conformation capture to measure evolutionary conservation of whole TADs and TAD boundary elements between D. melanogaster and D. triauraria, two early-branching species from the melanogaster species group which diverged ~15 million years ago. We find that 75% of TAD boundaries are orthologous while only 25% of TAD domains are conserved and these are enriched for Polycomb-repressed chromatin. Our results show that TADs have been reorganized since the common ancestor of D. melanogaster and D. triauraria, yet the sequence elements that specify TAD boundaries remain highly conserved. We propose that evolutionary divergence in 3D genome organization results from shuffling of conserved boundary elements across chromosomes, breaking old TADs and creating new TAD architectures. This result supports the existence of distinct TAD subtypes: some may be evolutionarily flexible while others remain highly conserved due to their importance in restricting gene-regulatory element interactions.

scholarly journals Species-specific differences in synaptic transmission and plasticity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prateep Beed ◽  
Saikat Ray ◽  
Laura Moreno Velasquez ◽  
Alexander Stumpf ◽  
Daniel Parthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lower Expression

Abstract Synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus are integral factors in learning and memory. While there has been intense investigation of these critical mechanisms in the brain of rodents, we lack a broader understanding of the generality of these processes across species. We investigated one of the smallest animals with conserved hippocampal macroanatomy—the Etruscan shrew, and found that while synaptic properties and plasticity in CA1 Schaffer collateral synapses were similar to mice, CA3 mossy fiber synapses showed striking differences in synaptic plasticity between shrews and mice. Shrew mossy fibers have lower long term plasticity compared to mice. Short term plasticity and the expression of a key protein involved in it, synaptotagmin 7 were also markedly lower at the mossy fibers in shrews than in mice. We also observed similar lower expression of synaptotagmin 7 in the mossy fibers of bats that are evolutionarily closer to shrews than mice. Species specific differences in synaptic plasticity and the key molecules regulating it, highlight the evolutionary divergence of neuronal circuit functions.

Cell Walls of the Phycobionts Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia: Constituents and Their Localization

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. König ◽  
E. Peveling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Recognition Mechanism ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Polysaccharide Layer ◽  
Wall Components

AbstractThe cell wall composition of several species of the lichen phycobionts Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia has been investigated using gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography and infrared absorption spectrophotometry. In addition cell wall components (cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, sporopollenin, protein) were localized with cytochemical methods at the EM- level. The cell walls of Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia consist of several layers. In Trebouxia the inner layer (Si) consists mainly of cellulose, then followed by a non-cellulosic polysaccharide layer (S2), a sporopollenin-layer (S3) and an outer layer consisting again of a non-cellulosic polysaccharide (S4). In addition Trebouxia is surrounded by a sheath (a polysaccharide with species-specific terminal residues). In Pseudotrebouxia the cell wall is similarly constructed compared to Trebouxia, however, the sheath is lacking and the S4 layer contains a polysaccharide with species-specific terminal sugar residues. The role of the different cell wall constituents for the recognition mechanism between the lichen symbionts is discussed.

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