Anthropogenic Sound in the Sea: Are Ascidians Affected?

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kristine White ◽  
Louis Ambrosio ◽  
Christa Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Styela Plicata ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
Boat Traffic ◽  
A Minor

Sound pollution in the marine environment has been increasing largely due to anthropogenic sources such as vessel traffic, coastal development, fossil fuel extraction, and military exercises. Studies determining the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine organisms have mostly focused on vertebrates, namely fish and marine mammals; however, less research has been done to study the effects of sound on marine invertebrates. The goal of this research is to examine the effect of anthropogenic sound on the ascidian Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823) in Tampa Bay, FL. A total of 48 ascidians were collected from 2 sites with differing amounts of boat traffic and thus different anthropogenic soundscapes. Ascidians were individually exposed to 3 separate stimuli: a recording of a boat motor, a song recording, and a water current to simulate turbulence. Ascidian reactions were recorded as the frequency of siphon closing events and the length of time the siphons remained closed after disturbance. Ascidians from both sites increased the frequency and longevity of siphon closure events in response to anthropogenic stimuli but showed only a minor difference in response between sample sites. Research into the effect of anthropogenic sound on invertebrates such as ascidians and their symbionts may provide a better understanding of larger scale ecological impacts from such disturbances.

The origins of zooparasitic nematodes

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Nematode Fauna

Zooparasitic nematodes are derived from soil nematodes and parasitism apparently originated only after land animals appeared. A major line from soil dwelling rhabditids gave rise to the secernentean parasites, which constitute about 98% of all genera in vertebrates and about 80% of those in invertebrates. A minor line evolved from the predominantly soil-dwelling dorylaimids and gave rise to adenophorean parasites, including mermithoids, trichinelloids, and dioctophymatoids. Nematodes are common in terrestrial invertebrates but rare in aquatic invertebrates (e.g., polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans). The fauna in terrestrial vertebrates is rich and diversified. In contrast, the fish nematode fauna is limited. Only 17 families of nematodes occur in fishes and only 5 are unique to the fishes. No unique nematode superfamilies occur in fishes. The fish nematode fauna seems closely related to that in terrestrial vertebrates and is evidently derived from it since almost three quarters of the families are shared with those in terrestrial vertebrates. Transfer to fishes from terrestrial hosts during the course of evolution probably occurred mainly through heteroxeny and paratenesis; however, a few monoxenous forms (oxyuroids) from terrestrial arthropods became established in shallow water fishes. Only a few nematodes (i.e., mermithoids) transferred from terrestrial to aquatic invertebrates with the result that nematodes are extremely rare in freshwater and marine invertebrates. The nematode fauna of marine mammals is limited mainly to heteroxenous forms with affinities to nematodes of terrestrial mammals.

scholarly journals A mechanism for biogenic production and emission of MEK from MVK decoupled from isoprene biosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 3125-3135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Cappellin ◽  
Francesco Loreto ◽  
Franco Biasioli ◽  
Paolo Pastore ◽  
Karena McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Plant Transformation ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Methyl Ethyl ◽  
Methyl Vinyl ◽  
Atmosphere Interaction ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

Abstract. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is an important compound in atmospheric chemistry. While attention has been paid mostly to anthropogenic sources of MEK, recently it has been shown that biogenic sources are globally as important as anthropogenic ones. However, the origin of biogenic MEK has yet to be completely elucidated. We present the full mechanism by which within-plant transformation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and, to a minor extent, of 2-butanol and 3-buten-2-ol, is a source of biogenic MEK. Such transformation is observed in red oak for both exogenous MVK, taken up from the atmosphere, and endogenous MVK generated within a plant when it experiences stress (e.g. heat stress). Endogenous MVK emitted by plants is typically explained by within-plant oxidation of isoprene caused by oxidative stress. In this study we show that MVK and MEK emissions caused by heat stress are not related to isoprene in isoprene-emitting plants, implying that the massive carbon investment that plants commit to isoprene production is not explained by a direct antioxidant role. The presented mechanism can be important for inclusion in plant emission and in plant–atmosphere interaction models.

scholarly journals Freshwater discharges drive high levels of methylmercury in Arctic marine biota

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (38) ◽  
pp. 11789-11794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina T. Schartup ◽  
Prentiss H. Balcom ◽  
Anne L. Soerensen ◽  
Kathleen J. Gosnell ◽  
Ryan S. D. Calder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Terrestrial Organic Matter ◽  
Water Column Stratification ◽  
Freshwater Inputs

Elevated levels of neurotoxic methylmercury in Arctic food-webs pose health risks for indigenous populations that consume large quantities of marine mammals and fish. Estuaries provide critical hunting and fishing territory for these populations, and, until recently, benthic sediment was thought to be the main methylmercury source for coastal fish. New hydroelectric developments are being proposed in many northern ecosystems, and the ecological impacts of this industry relative to accelerating climate changes are poorly characterized. Here we evaluate the competing impacts of climate-driven changes in northern ecosystems and reservoir flooding on methylmercury production and bioaccumulation through a case study of a stratified sub-Arctic estuarine fjord in Labrador, Canada. Methylmercury bioaccumulation in zooplankton is higher than in midlatitude ecosystems. Direct measurements and modeling show that currently the largest methylmercury source is production in oxic surface seawater. Water-column methylation is highest in stratified surface waters near the river mouth because of the stimulating effects of terrestrial organic matter on methylating microbes. We attribute enhanced biomagnification in plankton to a thin layer of marine snow widely observed in stratified systems that concentrates microbial methylation and multiple trophic levels of zooplankton in a vertically restricted zone. Large freshwater inputs and the extensive Arctic Ocean continental shelf mean these processes are likely widespread and will be enhanced by future increases in water-column stratification, exacerbating high biological methylmercury concentrations. Soil flooding experiments indicate that near-term changes expected from reservoir creation will increase methylmercury inputs to the estuary by 25–200%, overwhelming climate-driven changes over the next decade.

scholarly journals Rock anchoring in Karimun Jawa, Indonesia: Ecological impacts and management implications

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Maynard ◽  
K. R. N. Anthony ◽  
S. Afatta ◽  
L. F. Anggraini ◽  
D. Haryanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

Coral reefs everywhere are under increasing pressure from a suite of stressors. Recently, threats associated with climate change have been brought closer into focus and now dominate discussions and debate relating to the coral reef crisis (Hughes et al. 2003, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). Indeed, mitigating local stressors on coral reefs has been given less priority and publicity than the global need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Interestingly though, recent surveys demonstrate that most reef scientists agree that coral reefs are under greater threat from impacts associated with human population growth, coastal development, and overfishing than from global climate change (Kleypas and Eakin 2007). This is especially true for the reefs in SE Asia and the Pacific, which make up the bulk of the reefs in the world (Bryant et al. 1998). In these areas, regulations to ensure that anthropogenic activities near and on coral reefs are conducted sustainably, such as development, sanitation, fishing and even tourism; either do not exist or are rarely enforced due to a lack of resources. Here, we present one such example from Indonesia, one of the most densely populated countries in the world, a country where over 60% of the population relies in some way on marine resources.

Essentiality of nickel and homeostatic mechanisms for its regulation in terrestrial organisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Phipps ◽  
S L Tank ◽  
J Wirtz ◽  
L Brewer ◽  
A Coyner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Uptake And Transport

Nickel (Ni) is a naturally occurring element with many industrial uses, including in stainless steel, electroplating, pigments, and ceramics. Consequently, Ni may enter the environment from anthropogenic sources, resulting in locally elevated concentrations in soils. However, Ni is a minor essential element, and, therefore, biota have established systems that maintain Ni homeostasis. This paper discusses the role of Ni as an essential element and reviews storage, uptake, and transport systems used to maintain homeostasis within terrestrial biota. The bioaccumulation and distribution of metals in these organisms are also addressed. In all cases, information on Ni essentiality is very limited compared to other essential metals. However, the available data indicate that Ni behaves in a similar manner to other metals. Therefore, inferences specific to Ni may be made from an understanding of metal homeostasis in general. Nevertheless, it is evident that tissue and organ Ni concentrations and requirements vary considerably within and between species, and metal accumulation in various tissues within a single organism differs as well. High rates of Ni deposition around smelters indicate that Ni in acidic soils may reach concentrations that are toxic to plants and soil decomposers. However, with the exception of hyperaccumulator plants, Ni does not biomagnify in the terrestrial food web, suggesting that toxicity to higher trophic levels is unlikely.Key words: nickel, essentiality, homeostasis, bioaccumulation, uptake, transport.

Anthropogenic Sound: Effects on the Behavior and Physiology of Fishes

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur N. Popper ◽  
Jane Fewtrell ◽  
Michael E. Smith ◽  
Robert D. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Anthropogenic Sounds ◽  
The Impact

Anthropogenic sound in the marine environment continues to increase. Sound sources range from increased vessel traffic to transient but intense sounds such as those produced by seismic air guns, pile driving, or some sonars. While most interest in anthropogenic sounds has focused on marine mammals, there is an increasing concern regarding the impact of such sounds on fishes and marine invertebrates. Since the inner ear hearing receptors of fishes are similar to those of marine mammals, any effects seen on the hearing receptors of marine mammals may also be found in fishes and vice versa. Despite increasing interest in the effects of sounds on fishes, this issue has only been addressed on the most limited scale. Here we review the current literature in this area. It has been reported that high sound levels can damage the inner ear sensory cells, produce hearing loss (threshold shifts), elicit stress responses, and alter the behavior of fishes. At least in terms of hearing loss, these effects are modulated by exposure sound level and duration. The effects of various types of sound (e.g., impulsive vs. continuous) and long-term impacts of how anthropogenic sounds affect the behavior and ecology of fishes need exploration in the future.

Fishing, wildfowling, and marine mammal exploitation in northern Scotland from prehistory to Early Modern times

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Serjeantson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
A Minor

Fishing, seabird fowling, and the exploitation of marine mammals persisted in settlements around the coast and islands of western and northern Scotland from prehistoric times until the twentieth century. Until the mid-first millennium ad most fishing focused on immature saithe and was carried out close to the shore, but from Norse times onwards intensive deep-sea fishing for cod took place and, in the Hebrides, a herring fishery developed. Seabirds were a minor but regular part of subsistence; some were harvested from breeding colonies and others caught more casually, often in association with fishing. Marine mammals provided food and oil; whalebone was an important raw material. As well as exploiting stranded whales, people hunted seals from their breeding sites and small cetaceans by herding them into bays and inlets.

Monitoring important coastal sites for bottlenose dolphin in Cardigan Bay, UK

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Pierpoint ◽  
Liz Allan ◽  
Holly Arnold ◽  
Peter Evans ◽  
Sarah Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Coastal Zone Management ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
County Council ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Site Use ◽  
Boat Traffic

From 1994–2007 Ceredigion County Council and a network of shore-based, volunteer observers monitored levels of boat traffic and the occurrence of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus at seven sites on the coast of Cardigan Bay, Wales. We report high rates of site use and site occupancy by this species during the summer: at Mwnt for example, dolphins were recorded in >80% of 2 hours' observation periods; and at New Quay Harbour dolphins were present in >30% of all 15-minute intervals. At Mwnt and Aberporth there was a significant annual trend for increasing sighting rates; at Ynys Lochtyn a positive trend was only marginally non-significant; at New Quay Bird's Rock the trend was ambiguous but appeared stable over the seven most recent years. Although trends in site use may not reflect population trends in the wider region, these data were consistent with recent abundance estimates that indicate that the number of bottlenose dolphins using Cardigan Bay is stable or slightly increasing. Average group size at our study sites was small (<3 animals), which contrasts with observations of larger schools of the same population elsewhere in their range. The predominant behaviour in coastal Cardigan Bay is demersal foraging, often by solitary animals in shallow near-shore habitats. There was evidence that boat traffic suppressed site use by dolphins at New Quay Harbour, the busiest monitoring site: sighting rates fell when high numbers of boats were present and sighting rates were higher in 2007 than in previous years, when boat use was reduced due to poor weather during the main tourist season. This study demonstrates that networks of volunteer observers can provide a cost-effective, non-invasive means of gathering data on marine mammals for the purposes of coastal zone management.

scholarly journals Best Practice Framework and Principles for Monitoring the Effect of Coastal Development on Marine Mammals

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Hawkins ◽  
Robert Harcourt ◽  
Lars Bejder ◽  
Lyndon O. Brooks ◽  
Alana Grech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Practice Framework

scholarly journals Magnetic signatures of natural and anthropogenic sources of urban dust aerosol

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haijiao Liu ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Hong Chang ◽  
Hongyun Chen ◽  
Lianji Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Urban Dust ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Dust Flux ◽  
Magnetic Signatures ◽  
Seasonal Basis ◽  
A Minor ◽  
End Members

Abstract. The characteristics of urban dust aerosols and the contributions of their natural and anthropogenic sources are of scientific interest as well as being of substantial sociopolitical and economic concern. Here we present the results of a comprehensive study of dust flux and magnetic signatures, including magnetic susceptibility (χ) and the morphology and elemental composition of magnetic particulates, of atmospheric dustfall originating from natural dust sources in East Asia and local anthropogenic sources in Xi'an, China. The results reveal a significant inverse relationship, on a seasonal basis, between variations in dust flux and χ. By comparing χ records of desert surface sediments and local polluted dust, the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources can be estimated for the urban atmospheric dustfall. Analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) indicates that magnetic particulates from different sources have distinctive morphological and elemental characteristics. Detrital magnetic particles originating from natural sources are characterized by relatively smooth surfaces with Fe and O as the major elements and a minor contribution from Ti. The anthropogenic particles have angular, spherule, aggregate, and porous shapes with distinctive contributions from marker elements, including S, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Ca. Our results demonstrate that this multidisciplinary approach is effective in distinguishing dust derived from distant natural sources and local anthropogenic sources, and for quantitative assessment of the contributions of the two end-members.

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