Use of song types by the Chestnut-sided Warbler: evidence for both intra- and inter-sexual functions

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Kroodsma ◽  
Rachel C. Bereson ◽  
Bruce E. Byers ◽  
Edith Minear
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Wood Warbler ◽  
Dendroica Pensylvanica ◽  
Sexual Messages ◽  
Song Types ◽  
And Control

Males of many wood warbler (Parulinae) species use different song types in different contexts, yet the exact functions of the two main song type categories remain unclear. We studied the use of songs by both experimental (males whose mate had been removed from the territory) and control male Chestnut-sided Warblers (Dendroica pensylvanica) during the dawn hour and midmorning throughout the breeding season. Unpaired males sang more accented-ending songs and fewer unaccented-ending songs than paired males during all observation periods. Accented-ending songs appeared to be used primarily in the absence of intrasexual stimuli, and the percentage of unaccented-ending songs that was used during the nesting cycle appeared to fluctuate directly with the intensity of defense by the male of both his female and his territory. During courtship the male sang accented-ending songs on those infrequent occasions when he did sing in the immediate presence of his female, regardless of her location and the presence or absence of other males. These critical observations seem most consistent with the conclusion that the accented-ending songs are primarily intersexual. The unaccented- and accented-ending categories of song types appear to be used mainly as intra- and inter-sexual messages, respectively.

scholarly journals Dawn singing behavior of a tropical bird species, the Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinaya Kumar Sethi ◽  
Dinesh Bhatt ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Sequential Pattern ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Singing Behavior ◽  
Dawn Song ◽  
Song Types

This paper aims to study the structure and pattern of dawn song in a tropical avian species, the Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata) in Haridwar (290 55’ N, 780 08’ E; Uttarakhand, India) in 2009. Males delivered complex dawn chorus on daily basis during only breeding season (February to July). The dawn song bout was made up of a number of distinct sections called song types. Each song type consisted of a series of similar or dissimilar units referred to as elements. Song type length averaged 1.43±0.23 sec and did not differ significantly among males. Theaverage number and types of elements in a song type were observed 8.15±1.64 and 8.01±1.56, respectively.In more than 80% of observations, song types were delivered with immediate variety and males did not follow any definite sequential pattern of song delivery. Males sang continuously for about 30 min at high rates during dawn. Males performed continuous dawn singing throughout the breeding season and seemed to interact vocally through counter-singing for extended period. Observations suggest that dawn song delivery in Pied Bush Chat plays an important role in maintenance and adjustment of social relationship among neighbouring males.

Song variation in a population of chestnut-sided warblers (Dendroica pensylvanica): its nature and suggested significance

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1266-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ross Lein
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Dendroica Pensylvanica ◽  
Song Types

Song variation in a population of chestnut-sided warblers (Dendroica pensylvanica) was investigated during 1970–1972 in Hillsboro County, New Hampshire. Five song types, which appear to be shared by all males in the local population, are described and are used differentially by the birds. Two 'accented ending' song types are used primarily by undisturbed males located centrally on their territories. Two 'unaccented ending' song types are used in territorial encounters, or when a male is located peripherally on his territory. The fifth type, 'jumbled song,' is used almost exclusively during territorial encounters. There is no evidence of special association of any of the types with male–female interactions. It is suggested that the song types form a graded series of signals, increasing the efficiency of male–male communication by transmitting more precise messages than would be possible with only a single song type.

scholarly journals 75 Epigenetic marks within the swine placenta are differentially expressed due to season

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
Robin Cheek ◽  
Lea A Rempel ◽  
Jeremy Miles
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Downstream Targets ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Expression Platform ◽  
Semen Storage ◽  
And Control

Abstract The objective of the current project was to validate expression of known chromatin modification genes and assess downstream targets in d45 swine placenta derived from seasonal semen collections and breedings and semen storage. Six treatment groups were developed based upon: season of semen collection (cool or warm), storage of semen (cooled-extended or cryopreserved), and season of breeding (summer or winter) with 8 litters per group as follows: 1) cool/cooled-extended/winter, 2) cool/cryopreserved/winter, 3) warm/cryopreserved/winter, 4) warm/cooled-extended/summer, 5) warm/cooled-extended/summer, and 6) cool/cryopreserved/summer. RNA was extracted from the placenta of a small, medium, and large fetus from each litter, pooled by litter, reverse transcribed, and used for qPCR. Three genes; ATF2, ASH2L, and SMYD3, were validated. Downstream gene targets, ILIB and NANOG, were also tested. Interactions and main effects were tested using the mixed procedure of SAS with boar as a random effect. Placental ASH2L had a tendency for increased expression from summer breedings (P >0.05), similar to previous findings using a different expression platform. Placental expression of ATF2 was greatest (P< 0.05) from placenta derived by summer breedings. A downstream target of ATF2, ILIB, had greater (P< 0.05) placental expression from summer breedings and semen that was cooled-extended as compared to cryopreserved (P< 0.05). Validation of placental expression of SMYD3 was greater from cooled-extended semen in contrast to cryopreserved semen (P< 0.05). These data were unexpected, as previously we determined a difference by breeding season only. However, NANOG, downstream of SMYD3, had greater placental expression from summer breedings (P< 0.05). The current study validated previous results indicating chromatin modification genes were primarily influenced predominantly by breeding season and to a lesser extent, semen storage techniques. Downstream targets were also influenced by breeding season likely influencing prenatal development. These data support that epigenetic modifications persist, even though modern swine systems regulate and control temperature and lighting.

scholarly journals The Duet Code of the Female Black-Bellied Wren

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Logue
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Female Response ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Vocal Signals ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Song Types

Abstract In many duet-singing songbirds, paired birds combine their song types nonrandomly to form duet songs. Several different behavioral mechanisms could generate nonrandom song type associations in duets. I tested female Black-bellied Wrens (Thryothorus fasciatoventris) for one such mechanism: adherence to a set of rules linking female response songs to male stimulus songs. I call this set of rules a “duet code.” Duets of free-living Black-bellied Wrens were recorded in 2001 and 2002. In 2003 I returned to the same territories and played the male song types from the recorded duets. Females answered male song stimuli as if duetting with the playback speaker. Although the known repertoires of females averaged 8.4 song types, each female sang only a single song type in response to each male song type. Random answering could not account for this pattern, supporting the hypothesis that females abide by duet codes. Females that were still paired with their mates from 2001–2002 answered 100% of their mate's songs with the same song types they had used previously, demonstrating that codes are stable over time. In contrast, females that were new to a territory answered an average of only 18% of their mate's song types with the same song type as the previous female, indicating that duet codes are individually distinctive. Duet participation by female Black-bellied Wrens represents a special kind of animal communication, in which discrete vocal signals consistently elicit discrete vocal responses according to an individually distinctive set of rules.

scholarly journals Deceptive vocal duets and multimodal display in a songbird

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Ręk ◽  
Robert D. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Multimodal Signalling ◽  
Australian Magpie ◽  
Vocal Duets

Many group-living animals cooperatively signal to defend resources, but what stops deceptive signalling to competitors about coalition strength? Cooperative-signalling species include mated pairs of birds that sing duets to defend their territory. Individuals of these species sometimes sing ‘pseudo-duets’ by mimicking their partner's contribution, but it is unknown if these songs are deceptive, or why duets are normally reliable. We studied pseudo-duets in Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca , and tested whether multimodal signalling constrains deception. Magpie-larks give antiphonal duets coordinated with a visual display, with each sex typically choosing a different song type within the duet. Individuals produced pseudo-duets almost exclusively during nesting when partners were apart, but the two song types were used in sequence rather than antiphonally. Strikingly, birds hid and gave no visual displays, implying deceptive suppression of information. Acoustic playbacks showed that pseudo-duets provoked the same response from residents as true duets, regardless of whether they were sequential or antiphonal, and stronger response than that to true duets consisting of a single song type. By contrast, experiments with robot models showed that songs accompanied by movements of two birds prompted stronger responses than songs accompanied by movements of one bird, irrespective of the number of song types or singers. We conclude that magpie-larks used deceptive pseudo-duets when partners were apart, and suppressed the visual display to maintain the subterfuge. We suggest that the visual component of many species' duets provides the most reliable information about the number of signallers and may have evolved to maintain honesty in duet communication.

Effect of zeranol implants on age at onset of puberty, fertility and embryo fetal mortality in beef heifers

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. King ◽  
R. N. Kirkwood ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
G. A. Bo ◽  
C. Lulai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Diagnostic Ultrasonography ◽  
Beef Heifer ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Thirty-three cross-bred beef heifer calves were implanted with zeranol (36 mg) at birth, 100 and 300 d of age and 40 heifer calves remained as untreated controls. Heifers were examined rectally by diagnostic ultrasonography every 14 d from 10 to 14 mo of age and then, every 21 d until the end of test (100 d after exposure to bulls). The presence of a CL, diameter of the largest follicle, total number of follicles ≥ 3 mm, diameter of the right uterine horn and age at puberty were recorded. At 15 mo heifers were exposed to bulls for 63 d. Mean (± SEM) age at onset of puberty in zeranol-implanted heifers (420 ± 8.9 d) was greater than control heifers (362 ± 6.2 d; P < 0.05). The diameter of the largest follicle was smaller (P < 0.05) in pre-pubertal zeranol-implanted heiferes than in pre-pubertal control heifers between 10 and 14 mo of age and at puberty. Within the zeranol-implanted heifers, the diameter of the largest follicle was smaller in pre-pubertal (P < 0.05) than pubertal heifers until 14 mo of age. The uterine diameter of zeranol-implaned heifers was smaller (P < 0.05) than that of control heifers during all examinations prior to breeding. Pubertal heifers had a larger (P < 0.05) uterine diameter than pre-pubertal heifers. Pregnancy rate after the first 21-d period of the breeding season and at the end of test was higher (P < 0.001) for control than for zeranol-implanted heifers (82.5 and 100%, respectively and 24 and 42.5%, respectively). Pregnancy loss in zeranol-implanted heifers was 37.5% compared with 0% for control heifers (P < 0.001). Heifers that became pregnant during the first 21 d of the breeding season had reached puberty earlier (396.9 ± 12.5 and 358.7 ± 6.4 d of age for zeranol-implanted and control heifers, respectively) than heifers not conceiving in the first 21 d (472.8 ± 10.8 d and 380.0 ± 17.7 d for zeranol-implanted and control heifers, respectively; P < 0.05). Heifers that became pregnant during the first 21 d of the breeding season had a larger (P < 0.001) uterine diameter (18.17 ± 0.21 mm) than non-pregnant heifers (16.28 ± 0.36 mm). Within the zeranol-implanted group, pregnant heifers had a larger (P < 0.05) uterine diameter (17.75 ± 0.05 mm) than non-pregnant heifers (15.78 ± 0.38 mm). Heifers that were not pregnant at the end of test began cycling later and had a numerically smaller uterine diameter than pregnant heifers (430 ± 17.5 d vs. 374.7 ± 6.2 d; and 15.1 ± 0.6 mm vs. 17.3 ± 0.24 mm, respectively), however these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). It was concluded that zeranol implants from birth delay the onset of puberty and decrease uterine horn diameter. Futhermore, the lower pregnancy rate in zeranol-implanted heiferes 100 d after exposure to bulls was caused by failure to cycle early in life, and in those that were cycling, failure to conceive and abortions between 25 and 45 d of gestation. Key words: Zeranol, bovine, puberty, fertility, uterine diameter, ultrasonography

scholarly journals Discovery of an acoustically locating parasitoid with a potential role in divergence of song types among sympatric populations of the bush cricket Mecopoda elongata

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Rochishnu Dutta ◽  
Manjunatha Reddy ◽  
Tom Tregenza
Keyword(s):  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Bush Cricket

The bush cricket Mecopoda elongata provides a striking example of sympatric intraspecific divergence in mating signals. Five completely distinct song types are found in various parapatric and sympatric locations in South India. While there is convincing evidence that population divergence in M. elongata is being maintained as a result of divergence in acoustic signals, cuticular chemical profiles, and genital characters, the causes of the evolution of such divergence in the first place are unknown. We describe the discovery of a tachinid parasitoid with an orthopteroid hearing mechanism affecting M. elongata. This parasitoid may have a role in driving the extraordinary divergence that had occurred among M. elongata song types. Over two years we sampled individuals of three sympatric song types in the wild and retained individuals in captivity to reveal rates of parasitization. We found that all three song types were infected with the parasitoid but that there were significant differences among song types in their probability of being infected. The probability of tachinid parasitization also differed between the two sampling periods. Therefore, it is possible that parasitoid infection plays a role in song type divergence among sympatric bush cricket populations.

scholarly journals Singing Complexity of The Banded Wren (Thryothorus Pleurostictus): Do Switching Rate and Song-Type Diversity Send Different Messages?

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Molles
Keyword(s):  
Constant Level ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Switching Rate ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
Delayed Matching ◽  
Focal Male ◽  
Song Types ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Thryothorus Pleurostictus ◽  
Singing Performance

AbstractMost species of songbird possess repertoires of song types or variations that allow singers to vary how they present their songs. “Complexity,” or the amount of variation in a singing performance, has several distinct components that include the number of song types used, variation within song types, and rate of switching between song types. Because singers can control each factor somewhat independently, different components may encode different kinds of information. In a series of interactive playbacks, I presented Banded Wrens (Thryothorus pleurostictus) with stimuli that altered song-type diversity and switching rates independently. My results show that switching rates affect males' aggressive approach responses, with lower switching rates eliciting stronger responses. By contrast, song-type diversity does not appear to affect males' approach responses when switching rates are held at a high and constant level. Although focal male switching rates and song-type diversity are not strongly influenced by playback type, males frequently respond to high-diversity playback with delayed matches. Delayed matching entails using one or more of the same song types from the playback, without immediate song- type matching. Although delayed matches occurred at levels above chance during high-diversity playbacks, focal males appeared to avoid them during other types of playback; immediate matches were rare and repertoire matches frequent for all playback treatments. Overall, males' responses to the three playback stimuli suggest that switching rate and song-type diversity encode different messages.Complejidad del Canto de Thryothorus pleurostictus: ¿Envían Diferentes Mensajes las Tasas de Cambio y la Diversidad de Tipos de Canto?

47 PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MALE AND FEMALE MINIATURE PIGS CLONED WITH MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
S. L. Lee ◽  
G. H. Maeng ◽  
W. J. Lee ◽  
R. H. Chon ◽  
G. J. Rho
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Miniature Pigs ◽  
Complete Blood Counts ◽  
And Control

The information on the physiological health status and the endocrinological parameters of cloned pigs is limited. To address this issue, the present study evaluated the hematological, biochemical, and endocrinological status of adult cloned male and female miniature pigs. Male and female cloned miniature pigs were produced by NT using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived bone marrow of miniature pig (T-type, PWG Micro-pig®, PWG Genetics Korea, South Korea). Cloned and age-matched control male and female miniature pigs were maintained under the same conditions in a farm facility, and collected blood samples via jugular venipuncture at the age of 1 year, 3, 6, and 9 months. Complete blood counts of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thromocytes were performed using automated hematology cell counter (MS9-5V; Melet Schloesing Lab., France). Biochemical analyses were performed using a bench-top dry chemistry analyzer (Vettest 8008 Chemistry Analyzer; IDEXX Lab., UK) by examining creatinine, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ–GGT), albumin, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, and amylase. Plasma growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid, tyroxine, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen concentration were determined by a 7020 automatic analyzer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Most parameters related to the hematological and biochemical status of cloned female and male miniature pigs were similar to control animals. However, γ–GGT (67.0 ± 20.8) and ALT (78.7 ± 24.0) levels of cloned male were higher compared to normal range (16 to 30 and 9 to 43 U L–1, respectively), and significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) higher than cloned female (GGT: 38.7 ± 2.9, ALT: 55.0 ± 16.1) and control female and male pigs (GGT: 27.5 ± 4.8 and 23.0 ± 4.4, ALT: 38.5 ± 7.9 and 32.3 ± 8.5). TP (8.2 ± 0.2) and cholesterol (87.33 ± 6.66) levels of cloned female were higher compared to normal range (6.0 to 8.0 g dL–1 and 18 to 79 mg dL–1, respectively), and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than cloned male (TP: 7.7 ± 0.4, cholesterol: 85.0 ± 8.2) and control female and male (TP: 7.9 ± 0.4 and 7.1 ± 0.6, cholesterol: 62.8 ± 3.6 and 57.0 ± 14.4). Endocrinological variation of insulin and IGF-1 of cloned female (1.43 ± 0.7 and 226.10 ± 65.0, respectively) were higher than cloned male and control female and male (0.9 ± 0.1 and 174.2 ± 42.2, 0.5 ± 0.3 and 199.9 ± 8.9, 0.5 ± 0.4 and 168.9 ± 21.2, respectively). In summary, despite similarities in hematological and biochemical parameters between cloned male and female miniature pigs and controls, a greater degree of physiological and endocrinological variations were found in cloned pigs. Based on the changes of the parameters related to growth metabolism, cloned male and female miniature pigs may have dysfunction of the liver. Therefore, the variabilities found must be taken into account before considering the cloned pigs for applications in biomedicine and xenotransplantation. This study was supported by Grant No. 2007031034040 from Bio-organ, Republic of Korea.

The Response of Swamp Sparrows To Acoustically Distinct Song Types

Behaviour ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 70-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Marler ◽  
Margaret H. Searcy ◽  
William A. Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Song Type ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Swamp Sparrow ◽  
Differential Reaction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Melospiza Georgiana ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
To Come ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Measured Response

AbstractMale and femal swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana) were tested for differential reaction to four acoustically distinct swamp sparrow song types. We tested males by playing bouts of single song types from speakers placed on male territories. Males gave the same kinds of aggressive responses to each of the four song types, and there were no quantitative differences in the strengths of the responses to the different types. In the experiments with females, we played songs to captive female swamp sparrows previously treated with estradiol, and measured response in terms of copulation solicitation display. Females displayed in response to all four song types, and again there were no quantitative differences in the strength of response to the different types. We conclude that different swamp sparrow song types do not convey different messages to either male or female listeners. Although the identity of the particular song type presented was unimportant, the number of types presented was important, at least to females. Females responded more strongly overall to bouts of four song types than to bouts of single song types. This result occurred because females habituated to the repeated presentation of a single song type, and showed a recovery in response when song types were switched. We conclude that the ability to sing multiple song types may aid males in stimulating females to come into reproductive condition and then copulate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document