Forward Rate Modeling

The acceleration effect of p-toluidine on the electroreduction of Zn(II) on the mercury electrode surface in binary mixtures water-methanol and water-dimethylformamide is discussed. The obtained apparent and true forward rate constants of Zn(II) reduction indicate that the rate constant of the first electron transfer increases in the presence of p-toluidine. The acceleration effect may probably be accounted for by the concept of the formation on the mercury electrode an activated complex, presumably composed of p-toluidine and solvent molecules.

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Forward Rate Bias in Developed and Developing Countries: More Risky Not Less Rational

Econometrics ◽

10.3390/econometrics8040043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Michael D. Goldberg ◽

Olesia Kozlova ◽

Deniz Ozabaci

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Forward Rate ◽

Currency Markets ◽

Developed Country ◽

Slope Coefficient ◽

Break Points ◽

Time Periods ◽

The Stability ◽

Widespread View ◽

Shed Light

This paper examines the stability of the Bilson–Fama regression for a panel of 55 developed and developing countries. We find multiple break points for nearly every country in our panel. Subperiod estimates of the slope coefficient show a negative bias during some time periods and a positive bias during other time periods in nearly every country. The subperiod biases display two key patterns that shed light on the literature’s linear regression findings. The results point toward the importance of risk in currency markets. We find that risk is greater for developed country markets. The evidence undercuts the widespread view that currency returns are predictable or that developed country markets are less rational.

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Reliability Improvement of LoRa with ARQ and Relay Node

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12040552 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 552 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rocksan Choi ◽

SeungGwan Lee ◽

Sungwon Lee

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Low Power ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Wide Area ◽

Forward Rate ◽

Low Power Consumption ◽

Modern World ◽

Automatic Repeat Request ◽

Actual Performance ◽

Iot Devices

In our modern world, many Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are being researched and developed. IoT devices are currently being used in many fields. IoT devices use Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, however, communication distance is short and battery consumption is high. In areas such as smart cities and smart farms, IoT technology is needed to support a wide coverage with low power consumption. Low Power Wide Area (LPWA), which is a transmission used in IoT supporting a wide area with low power consumption, has evolved. LPWA includes Long Range (LoRa), Narrowband (NB-IoT), and Sigfox. LoRa offers many benefits as it communicates the longest distances, is cheap and consumes less battery. LoRa is used in many countries and covers a range of hundreds of square kilometers (km2) with a single gateway. However, if there are many obstacles to smart cities and smart farms, it causes communication problems. This paper proposes two (2) solutions to this problem: the relay method which is a multi-hop method and the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) system that detects packet loss in real-time and requests retransmission for LoRa. In this study, the actual performance of LoRa in the problematic environment was measured and the proposed method was applied. It was confirmed that the transmission rate of LoRa dropped when there were many obstacles such as trees. To use LoRa in a smart farm with a lot of space, multi-hop was observed to be better. An ARQ system is needed to compensate for the unexpected drop in the forward rate due to the increase in IoT devices. This research focused on reliability, however, additional network methods and automatic repeat request (ARQ) systems considering battery time should be researched in symmetry. This study covers the interdisciplinary field of computer science and wireless low power communication engineering. We have analyzed the LoRa/LoRaWAN technology in an experimental approach, which has been somewhat less studied than cellular network or WiFi technology. In addition, we presented and improved the performance evaluation results in consideration of various local and climatic environments.

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Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of the Reactions of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene-d3 with Sodium and Potassium t-Butoxide in t-Butanol

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v74-333 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 2306-2315 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Erwin Buncel ◽

Albert Richard Norris ◽

Kenneth Edwin Russell ◽

Harold Wilson

Keyword(s):

Initial Rate ◽

Forward Rate ◽

Specific Rate ◽

Equilibrium Studies ◽

Proton Abstraction ◽

Kinetic Isotope ◽

Forward Rate Constant ◽

Hydrogen Deuterium ◽

Reaction In Solution ◽

Sodium And Potassium

The reactions of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene fully deuterated at the methyl position (TNT-d3) with sodium and potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol have been studied. With TNT as the substrate, proton abstraction by ion-paired sodium or potassium t-butoxide appears to be the predominant reaction in solution. With sodium t-butoxide as base, the forward rate constant for proton abstraction at 30.0 °C (Kf,ip) is 6000 ± 400 M−1 s−1 while ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ for the reaction are 4.2 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1 and −27 ± 2 cal deg−1 mol−1, respectively. With TNT-d3 as the substrate, formation of a TNT-d3-t-butoxide ion σ-complex occurs simultaneously with deuteron abstraction. Specific rate constants for the two processes have been determined at 30.0 °C. Initial rate studies establish a hydrogen-deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 8 ± 1 for the formation of the anion in t-butanol.

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Reaction mechanism of the magnesium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of frog muscle myosin and subfragment 1

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1710165 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 171 (1) ◽

pp. 165-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

M A Ferenczi ◽

E Homsher ◽

R M Simmons ◽

D R Trentham

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Rate Constants ◽

Myosin Atpase ◽

Forward Rate ◽

Magnesium Ion ◽

Skeletal Muscle Myosin ◽

General Terms ◽

Predominant Component ◽

Main Components ◽

Muscle Myosin

The Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine 5′-triphosphatase) mechanism of myosin and subfragment 1 prepared from frog leg muscle was investigated by transient kinetic technique. The results show that in general terms the mechanism is similar to that of the rabbit skeletal-muscle myosin ATPase. During subfragment-1 ATPase activity at 0-5 degrees C pH 7.0 and I0.15, the predominant component of the steady-state intermediate is a subfragment-1-products complex (E.ADP.Pi). Binary subfragment-1-ATP (E.ATP) and subfragment-1-ADP (E.ADP) complexes are the other main components of the steady-state intermediate, the relative concentrations of the three components E.ATP, E.ADP.Pi and E.ADP being 5.5:92.5:2.0 respectively. The frog myosin ATPase mechanism is distinguished from that of the rabbit at 0-5 degrees C by the low steady-state concentrations of E.ATP and E.ADP relative to that of E.ADP.Pi and can be described by: E + ATP k' + 1 in equilibrium k' − 1 E.ATP k' + 2 in equilibrium k' − 2 E.ADP.Pi k' + 3 in equilibrium k' − 3 E.ADP + Pi k' + 4 in equilibrium k' − 4 E + ADP. In the above conditions successive forward rate constants have values: k' + 1, 1.1 × 10(5)M-1.S-1; k' + 2 greater than 5s-1; k' + 3, 0.011 s-1; k' + 4, 0.5 s-1; k'-1 is probably less than 0.006s-1. The observed second-order rate constants of the association of actin to subfragment 1 and of ATP-induced dissociation of the actin-subfragment-1 complex are 5.5 × 10(4) M-1.S-1 and 7.4 × 10(5) M-1.S-1 respectively at 2-5 degrees C and pH 7.0. The physiological implications of these results are discussed.

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Carry Trade, Exchange Rates, and the Balance-of-Payments

Journal of Globalization and Development ◽

10.1515/jgd-2021-0029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Nelson H. Barbosa-Filho

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Interest Rate ◽

Real Exchange Rate ◽

Foreign Debt ◽

Balance Of Payments ◽

Forward Rate ◽

Spot Rate ◽

Financial Constraint ◽

Carry Trade ◽

The Real

Abstract This paper presents a partial equilibrium model that integrates interest rate arbitrage with the balance-of-payments constraint to determine the real exchange rate. The sequential logic is the following: (i) carry-trade determines the term premium, with the spot rate showing greater volatility than the forward rate, (ii) uncovered interest rate parity determines the spot rate based on the real exchange rate consistent with a financial constraint, defined as a stable ratio of foreign reserves to foreign debt; and (iii) the trade balance consistent with the financial constraint determines the long-run real exchange rate for a given ratio of domestic to foreign income.

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Width of firebreak that is necessary to stop grass fires: some field experiments

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-104 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 682-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Andrew A. G. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Response Function ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Flame Length ◽

Northern Territory ◽

Forward Rate ◽

Rate Of Spread ◽

Practical Implications

Firebreaks were tested in the Northern Territory of Australia for their performance in halting the spread of 113 experimental grass fires burning in blocks which ranged from 1 to 4 ha in size. The widths of firebreak tested ranged from 1.5 to 15 m. The most intense of the fires burnt with a rate of spread of 1.9 m s−1 and had a fireline intensity of 17 MW m−1. The fastest fire stopped by a firebreak burnt with a forward rate of spread of 2.2 m s−1 and had a fireline intensity of 8 MW m−1. A logistic response function was fitted to the data on firebreak breach; this resulted in an equation for predicting the probability of firebreak breach. The probability of firebreak breach was found to increase with increasing fireline intensity and the presence of trees within 20 m of the firebreak and to decrease with increasing firebreak width. A published relationship between fireline intensity and flame length provided a sensible approximation to the width of firebreak that could be breached, via flame contact, by a fire of a given fireline intensity. Practical implications of the results are discussed.

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