WHY PARTICIPATE IN THE “ONE BELT AND ONE ROAD” INITIATIVE? AN INCOME CONVERGENCE APPROACH

This paper seeks to investigate the motivations of countries that participate in the One Belt and One Road (B&R) Initiative, a China-led economic development programme with the intention of enhancing regional economic cooperation. We examine the income convergence hypothesis for B&R countries with both linear and nonlinear unit root tests to detect the presence of economic integration over the periods 1960–2016 and 1979–2016. For the B&R countries that are found to show income convergence to China in our income convergence testing, we argue that they tend to have a strong existing economic relationship with China. By contrast, the countries that have relatively weak economic relationships with China tend to show no convergence to China, and they take advantage of the B&R as an opportunity to catch up. Moreover, we find evidence that more countries converge to China’s real per capita income for the years after 1978 when China started its transition to a market economy and initiated the open-door policy to embrace globalization. The results suggest that China contributes to a higher degree of income convergence in regional integration.

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Income, Wealth, Employment, and Beyond

Europe's Income, Wealth, Consumption, and Inequality ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197545706.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 177-217

Author(s):

Márton Medgyesi ◽

István György Tóth

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Time Trends ◽

The Other ◽

Eastern European ◽

Competitive Markets ◽

The European Union ◽

Income Convergence ◽

Democratic Regimes ◽

The One

This chapter looks at trends in 10 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, exploring both convergence between these countries and the centre of the European Union on the one hand and comparative inequality trends within some of the CEE economies on the other. Time trends are presented from the beginning of the 1990s until the most recent available year. The aim is to explore patterns of income convergence and inequality developments experienced during and after the transition from non-democratic regimes and centrally planned economies to competitive markets and representative democracies. Attention is paid to between-country similarities and dissimilarities of the paths taken, attempting to find out whether homogeneity or heterogeneity dominates between the observed countries, both in relation to trends and results.

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Economic Growth and Human Capital in the Post-Knowledge Era: A Focus on Positive Externalities and Spillover Effects of Knowledge in Italy and the Emergency of the Less Developed Areas

Journal of Industrial Integration and Management ◽

10.1142/s242486221650010x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 01 (03) ◽

pp. 1650010 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rita Lima

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Human Capital ◽

Regional Growth ◽

Innovation System ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Income Convergence ◽

Catching Up ◽

Transfer Of Technology ◽

Positive Externalities ◽

The One

The growth of learning and knowledge of a nation has been quantified in different ways, including country’s absorptive capacity to store information, to internalize knowledge, to invest in innovation and to transfer of technology in its area. In the context of the post-knowledge era, this paper estimates a growth panel data model in exploring the role of R&D s and human capital in regional economic growth and income convergence. The aim is double. On the one hand, to analyze the Italian ability for catching-up with more advanced nations, such as Germany. On the other hand, to explain divergent levels of regional growth behavior, focusing on one of the less developed regions and reducing the effects of spatial contagion of knowledge networks and innovation system: Sicily. The results reveal a lower gap in human capital between Sicily and the whole of the country than that in terms of innovation.

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Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100051174 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 395-407

Author(s):

S. Henriksen

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

The Other ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Mean Sea Level ◽

The Earth ◽

The One ◽

Static Systems ◽

Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

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Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100061574 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 312-313

Author(s):

P. R. Swann ◽

W. R. Duff ◽

R. M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Annealing Temperature ◽

Antiphase Domain ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Domain Structures ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Domain Boundaries ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

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Fundamental Research into Thin Films in a Developing Country

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095753 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 500-501

Author(s):

J.A. Eades ◽

E. Grünbaum

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Growth Process ◽

Empirical Process ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Research Groups ◽

Film Research ◽

Fundamental Research ◽

Controlled Deposition ◽

The One ◽

The University

In the last decade and a half, thin film research, particularly research into problems associated with epitaxy, has developed from a simple empirical process of determining the conditions for epitaxy into a complex analytical and experimental study of the nucleation and growth process on the one hand and a technology of very great importance on the other. During this period the thin films group of the University of Chile has studied the epitaxy of metals on metal and insulating substrates. The development of the group, one of the first research groups in physics to be established in the country, has parallelled the increasing complexity of the field.The elaborate techniques and equipment now needed for research into thin films may be illustrated by considering the plant and facilities of this group as characteristic of a good system for the controlled deposition and study of thin films.

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STM studies of crystal growth

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100086179 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 374-375

Author(s):

M. G. Lagally

Keyword(s):

Crystal Growth ◽

Molecular Beam ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Sputter Deposition ◽

Field Of View ◽

Scanning Tunneling ◽

Wide Field ◽

Tunneling Microscopy ◽

Wide Field Of View ◽

The One

It has been recognized since the earliest days of crystal growth that kinetic processes of all Kinds control the nature of the growth. As the technology of crystal growth has become ever more refined, with the advent of such atomistic processes as molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, and plasma enhanced techniques for the creation of “crystals” as little as one or a few atomic layers thick, multilayer structures, and novel materials combinations, the need to understand the mechanisms controlling the growth process is becoming more critical. Unfortunately, available techniques have not lent themselves well to obtaining a truly microscopic picture of such processes. Because of its atomic resolution on the one hand, and the achievable wide field of view on the other (of the order of micrometers) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) gives us this opportunity. In this talk, we briefly review the types of growth kinetics measurements that can be made using STM. The use of STM for studies of kinetics is one of the more recent applications of what is itself still a very young field.

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Preparation of Electron Transparent Metal-Matrix Composites

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100101414 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 334-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. R. Pinnel ◽

A. Lawley

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Load Transfer ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Steel Wire ◽

Initial Step ◽

Interfacial Region ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Specific Test ◽

The Matrix ◽

The One

Numerous phenomenological descriptions of the mechanical behavior of composite materials have been developed. There is now an urgent need to study and interpret deformation behavior, load transfer, and strain distribution, in terms of micromechanisms at the atomic level. One approach is to characterize dislocation substructure resulting from specific test conditions by the various techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The present paper describes a technique for the preparation of electron transparent composites of aluminum-stainless steel, such that examination of the matrix-fiber (wire), or interfacial region is possible. Dislocation substructures are currently under examination following tensile, compressive, and creep loading. The technique complements and extends the one other study in this area by Hancock.The composite examined was hot-pressed (argon atmosphere) 99.99% aluminum reinforced with 15% volume fraction stainless steel wire (0.006″ dia.).Foils were prepared so that the stainless steel wires run longitudinally in the plane of the specimen i.e. the electron beam is perpendicular to the axes of the wires. The initial step involves cutting slices ∼0.040″ in thickness on a diamond slitting wheel.

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Grain boundary segregation in metals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130651 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1204-1205

Author(s):

C.L. Briant

Keyword(s):

Fracture Surface ◽

Grain Boundary ◽

Grain Boundaries ◽

Material Properties ◽

Electron Spectroscopy ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Boundary Segregation ◽

Grain Boundary Segregation ◽

Local Concentration ◽

The One

Grain boundary segregation is the process by which solute elements in a material diffuse to the grain boundaries, become trapped there, and increase their local concentration at the boundary over that in the bulk. As a result of this process this local concentration of the segregant at the grain boundary can be many orders of magnitude greater than the bulk concentration of the segregant. The importance of this problem lies in the fact that grain boundary segregation can affect many material properties such as fracture, corrosion, and grain growth.One of the best ways to study grain boundary segregation is with Auger electron spectroscopy. This spectroscopy is an extremely surface sensitive technique. When it is used to study grain boundary segregation the sample must first be fractured intergranularly in the high vacuum spectrometer. This fracture surface is then the one that is analyzed. The development of scanning Auger spectrometers have allowed researchers to first image the fracture surface that is created and then to perform analyses on individual grain boundaries.

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Towards quantitative simulations of inelastic electron diffraction patterns and images

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130481 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1170-1171

Author(s):

Z. L. Wang

Keyword(s):

Phonon Scattering ◽

Incident Beam ◽

Dynamical Theory ◽

Inelastic Electron ◽

Additional Advantage ◽

Coupled Equations ◽

Atomic Vibrations ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Primary Advantage ◽

The One

A new dynamical theory has been developed based on Yoshioka's coupled equations for describing inelastic electron scattering in thin crystals. Compared to existing theories, the primary advantage of this theory is that the incoherent summation of the diffracted intensities contributed by electrons after exciting vast numbers of different excited states has been evaluated before any numerical calculation. An additional advantage is that the phase correlations of atomic vibrations are considered, so that full lattice dynamics can be combined in the phonon scattering calculation. The new theory has been proven to be equivalent to the inelastic multislice theory, and has been applied to calculate energy-filtered diffraction patterns and images formed by phonon, single electron and valence scattered electrons.A calculated diffraction pattern of elastic and phonon scattered electrons for a parallel incident beam case is in agreement with the one observed (Fig. 1), showing thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) streaks and Kikuchi pattern.

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