Computing cellular automata spectra under fixed boundary conditions via limit graphs

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1650073
Author(s):  
Eurico L. P. Ruivo ◽  
Pedro P. B. De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Fixed Boundary ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Fully Discrete ◽  
Quantitative Characterisation ◽  
Fixed Boundary Condition ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Discrete Complex

Cellular automata are fully discrete complex systems with parallel and homogeneous behavior studied both from the theoretical and modeling viewpoints. The limit behaviors of such systems are of particular interest, as they give insight into their emerging properties. One possible approach to investigate such limit behaviors is the analysis of the growth of graphs describing the finite time behavior of a rule in order to infer its limit behavior. Another possibility is to study the Fourier spectrum describing the average limit configurations obtained by a rule. While the former approach gives the characterization of the limit configurations of a rule, the latter yields a qualitative and quantitative characterisation of how often particular blocks of states are present in these limit configurations. Since both approaches are closely related, it is tempting to use one to obtain information about the other. Here, limit graphs are automatically adjusted by configurations directly generated by their respective rules, and use the graphs to compute the spectra of their rules. We rely on a set of elementary cellular automata rules, on lattices with fixed boundary condition, and show that our approach is a more reliable alternative to a previously described method from the literature.

Polymeric Micro/Nanofiber Manufacturing and Mechanical Characterization

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrinder S. Nain ◽  
Metin Sitti ◽  
Cristina Amon
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Polymeric Fibers ◽  
Fixed Boundary ◽  
Fiber Dimensions ◽  
Fixed Boundary Condition

Polymeric nanofibers are finding increasing number of applications and hold the potential to revolutionize diverse fields such as tissue engineering, smart textiles, sensors, and actuators. Aligning and producing long smooth, uniform and defect-free fibers with control on fiber dimensions at the submicron and nanoscale has been challenging due to fragility of polymeric materials. Besides fabrication, the other challenge lies in the ability to characterize these fibers for mechanical properties, as they are widely believed to have improved properties than bulk due to minimization of defects. In this study we present an overall strategy for fabrication and mechanical characterization of polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from sub-50 nm to sub-microns. In the proposed fabrication strategy, polymeric solution is continuously pumped through a glass micropipette which is collected in the form of aligned fiber arrays on a rotating substrate. Polymer molecular weight and polymer solution concentration play dominant roles in controlling the fiber dimensions, which can be used to deposit fibers of different diameters in the same layer or successively built up multi-layer structures. Using this approach, we demonstrate single and multi-layer architectures of several polymeric systems such as Polystyrene (PS), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Poly lactic acid (PLA), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Further, we demonstrate the ability to manufacture PMMA fixed-free boundary condition cantilevers by breaking the fixed-fixed boundary condition PMMA fibers using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in the lateral mode. An integrated approach for mechanical characterization of polymeric fibers is developed. In this approach, the fibers are first deposited on commercially available Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) grids in aligned configurations and are mapped for accurate locations under the TEM. Subsequently, the fibers are carefully placed under the AFM and mechanically characterized for flexural modulus using lateral force microscopy (LFM). Finally, accurate fiber dimensions are determined under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The unique advantage of this approach lies in the ability to deposit a large number of fibers with tunable diameters in aligned configurations with fixed-fixed boundary conditions and requires no external manipulation. Finally, we present a novel methodology to study the resonance characteristics of fixed-fixed boundary condition suspended fibers using a commercially available Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) for sensor applications. The methods developed in this study will greatly aid in increasing our fundamental knowledge of polymeric materials at reduced lengthscales and allow integration of these one-dimensional building blocks in bottom-up assembly environments.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

scholarly journals Exploring the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Leisure Walking Based on the Demand of Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4105
Author(s):  
Yupei Jiang ◽  
Honghu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Walking Behavior ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
The Impact

Leisure walking has been an important topic in space-time behavior and public health research. However, prior studies pay little attention to the integration and the characterization of diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking. This study constructs a theoretical framework of leisure walking behavior demands from three different dimensions and levels of activity participation, space-time opportunity, and health benefit. On this basis, through a face-to-face survey in Nanjing, China (N = 1168, 2017–2018 data), this study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics of leisure walking demands, as well as the impact of the built environment and individual factors on it. The results show that residents have a high demand for participation and health benefits of leisure walking. The residential neighborhood provides more space opportunities for leisure walking, but there is a certain constraint on the choice of walking time. Residential neighborhood with medium or large parks is more likely to satisfy residents’ demands for engaging in leisure walking and obtaining high health benefits, while neighborhood with a high density of walking paths tends to limit the satisfaction of demands for space opportunity and health benefit. For residents aged 36 and above, married, or retired, their diverse demands for leisure walking are more likely to be fulfilled, while those with high education, medium-high individual income, general and above health status, or children (<18 years) are less likely to be fulfilled. These finding that can have important implications for the healthy neighborhood by fully considering diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking behavior.

scholarly journals First Insight into Nutraceutical Properties of Local Salento Cichorium intybus Varieties: NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4057
Author(s):  
Chiara Roberta Girelli ◽  
Francesca Serio ◽  
Rita Accogli ◽  
Federica Angilè ◽  
Antonella De Donno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Nutraceutical Properties ◽  
Metabolomic Approach

Background: Plants of genus Cichorium are known for their therapeutic and nutraceutical properties determined by a wealth of phytochemical substances contained in the whole plant. The aim of this paper was to characterize the metabolic profiles of local Salento chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) varieties (“Bianca”, “Galatina”, “Leccese”, and “Otranto”) in order to describe their metabolites composition together with possible bioactivity and health beneficial properties. Methods: The investigation was performed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis (MVA), by which the metabolic profiles of the samples were easily obtained and compared. Results: The supervised Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) analysis showed as “Bianca” and “Galatina” samples grouped together separated by “Leccese” and “Otranto” varieties. A different content of free amino acids and organic acids was observed among the varieties. In particular a high content of cichoric and monocaffeoyl tartaric acid was observed for the “Leccese” variety. The presence of secondary metabolites adds significant interest in the investigation of Cichorium inthybus, as this vegetable may benefit human health when incorporated into the diet. Conclusions: The 1H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) based characterization of Salento chicory varieties allowed us to determine the potential usefulness and nutraceutical properties of the product, also providing a method to guarantee its authenticity on a molecular scale.

“Real-World” Microscopy: Understanding Environment-Sensitive Behavior of Ni-Base Welds

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 528-529
Author(s):  
M. G. Burke ◽  
R. J. Wehrer ◽  
C.M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Furnace Cool ◽  
Environmental Embrittlement ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sensitive Behavior

Ni-base alloy welds such as EN82H weld metal are frequently employed in nuclear power applications where resistance to corrosion is required. Results of a recently reported study of the mechanical properties of EN82H welds show that this alloy is susceptible to low-temperature (∼100°C) environmental embrittlement (LTEE) in hydrogenated water. LTEE is a manifestation of hydrogen embrittlement in these alloys.1 Recent LTEE tests have demonstrated a beneficial effect of a high-temperature (∼1100°C) anneal and furnace-cool in alleviating the material's susceptibility to LTEE. Understanding the reason for the reduction in LTEE susceptibility requires detailed characterization of the microstructure so that the specific structural and compositional changes that have been induced by the solution-anneal can be identified. This study reports the results of light optical and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) characterization of the microstructures of as-fabricated and as-solution-annealed EN82H welds with the objective of providing insight into the observed LTEE behavior.

scholarly journals Graphene, an Interesting Nanocarbon Allotrope for Biosensing Applications: Advances, Insights, and Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117959722098382
Author(s):  
Farid Menaa ◽  
Yazdian Fatemeh ◽  
Sandeep K Vashist ◽  
Haroon Iqbal ◽  
Olga N Sharts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Multiplex Detection ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Doped Graphene ◽  
Bioanalytical Applications

Graphene, a relatively new two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, possesses unique structure (e.g. lighter, harder, and more flexible than steel) and tunable physicochemical (e.g. electronical, optical) properties with potentially wide eco-friendly and cost-effective usage in biosensing. Furthermore, graphene-related nanomaterials (e.g. graphene oxide, doped graphene, carbon nanotubes) have inculcated tremendous interest among scientists and industrials for the development of innovative biosensing platforms, such as arrays, sequencers and other nanooptical/biophotonic sensing systems (e.g. FET, FRET, CRET, GERS). Indeed, combinatorial functionalization approaches are constantly improving the overall properties of graphene, such as its sensitivity, stability, specificity, selectivity, and response for potential bioanalytical applications. These include real-time multiplex detection, tracking, qualitative, and quantitative characterization of molecules (i.e. analytes [H2O2, urea, nitrite, ATP or NADH]; ions [Hg2+, Pb2+, or Cu2+]; biomolecules (DNA, iRNA, peptides, proteins, vitamins or glucose; disease biomarkers such as genetic alterations in BRCA1, p53) and cells (cancer cells, stem cells, bacteria, or viruses). However, there is still a paucity of comparative reports that critically evaluate the relative toxicity of carbon nanoallotropes in humans. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the biosensing applications of graphene and its derivatives (i.e. GO and rGO). Prospects and challenges are also introduced.

scholarly journals Specificities and Synergistic Actions of Novel PL8 and PL7 Alginate Lyases from the Marine Fungus Paradendryphiella salina

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Bo Pilgaard ◽  
Marlene Vuillemin ◽  
Jesper Holck ◽  
Casper Wilkens ◽  
Anne S. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Alginate Lyase ◽  
Marine Fungus ◽  
Brown Macroalgae ◽  
Polysaccharide Lyases ◽  
Alginate Lyases ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Substrate Affinities ◽  
Alginate Degradation ◽  
Insight Into

Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide abundantly present in the cell walls of brown macroalgae. The enzymatic depolymerization is performed solely by alginate lyases (EC 4.2.2.x), categorized as polysaccharide lyases (PLs) belonging to 12 different PL families. Until now, the vast majority of the alginate lyases have been found in bacteria. We report here the first extensive characterization of four alginate lyases from a marine fungus, the ascomycete Paradendryphiella salina, a known saprophyte of seaweeds. We have identified four polysaccharide lyase encoding genes bioinformatically in P. salina, one PL8 (PsMan8A), and three PL7 alginate lyases (PsAlg7A, -B, and -C). PsMan8A was demonstrated to exert exo-action on polymannuronic acid, and no action on alginate, indicating that this enzyme is most likely an exo-acting polymannuronic acid specific lyase. This enzyme is the first alginate lyase assigned to PL8 and polymannuronic acid thus represents a new substrate specificity in this family. The PL7 lyases (PsAlg7A, -B, and -C) were found to be endo-acting alginate lyases with different activity optima, substrate affinities, and product profiles. PsAlg7A and PsMan8A showed a clear synergistic action for the complete depolymerization of polyM at pH 5. PsAlg7A depolymerized polyM to mainly DP5 and DP3 oligomers and PsMan8A to dimers and monosaccharides. PsAlg7B and PsAlg7C showed substrate affinities towards both polyM and polyG at pH 8, depolymerizing both substrates to DP9-DP2 oligomers. The findings elucidate how P. salina accomplishes alginate depolymerization and provide insight into an efficient synergistic cooperation that may provide a new foundation for enzyme selection for alginate degradation in seaweed bioprocessing.

Insight into the Spin‐Vibronic Problem of a Mixed Valence Magnetic Molecular Cell for Quantum Cellular Automata

ChemPhysChem ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Palii ◽  
Denis Korchagin ◽  
Sergey Aldoshin ◽  
J. M. Clemente-Juan ◽  
Shmuel Zilberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Mixed Valence ◽  
Quantum Cellular Automata ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Substrate-dependent competition and cooperation relationships between Geobacter and Dehalococcoides for their organohalide respiration

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongyi Liang ◽  
Qihong Lu ◽  
Zhiwei Liang ◽  
Xiaokun Liu ◽  
Wenwen Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donors ◽  
Community Stability ◽  
Organohalide Respiration ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Geochemical Cycling ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractObligate and non-obligate organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) play central roles in the geochemical cycling and environmental bioremediation of organohalides. Their coexistence and interactions may provide functional redundancy and community stability to assure organohalide respiration efficiency but, at the same time, complicate isolation and characterization of specific OHRB. Here, we employed a growth rate/yield tradeoff strategy to enrich and isolate a rare non-obligate tetrachloroethene (PCE)-respiring Geobacter from a Dehalococcoides-predominant microcosm, providing experimental evidence for the rate/yield tradeoff theory in population selection. Surprisingly, further physiological and genomic characterizations, together with co-culture experiments, revealed three unique interactions (i.e., free competition, conditional competition and syntrophic cooperation) between Geobacter and Dehalococcoides for their respiration of PCE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), depending on both the feeding electron donors (acetate/H2 vs. propionate) and electron acceptors (PCE vs. PCBs). This study provides the first insight into substrate-dependent interactions between obligate and non-obligate OHRB, as well as a new strategy to isolate fastidious microorganisms, for better understanding of the geochemical cycling and bioremediation of organohalides.

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