ADJOINT NETWORK THEOREM AND FLOATING ELEMENTS IN THE NAM

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 597-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMED M. SOLIMAN
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Current Conveyor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Mirror ◽  
Op Amp ◽  
Admittance Matrix ◽  
Floating Element

Although the adjoint network theorem preserves all the circuit properties it does not, however, guarantee that the floating property of an element is maintained. In other words, the adjoint of a floating element may not be floating and vice-versa a nonfloating element may have an adjoint floating element as will be explained in this paper. An important and new property of the Nodal Admittance Matrix (NAM) is that it can identify any element as a floating or nonfloating. The four floating basic building blocks including the nullor are tabulated. It is shown that the nullor and the Voltage Mirror (VM)–Current Mirror (CM) pair are self adjoint. The other two floating elements namely Nullator–CM pair and the VM–Norator pair are adjoint to each other. The NAM of the Op Amp family and Current Conveyor (CCII) family are also given. Two examples are given demonstrating the generation of two families of CCII filters from two known two-CCII filter circuits with demonstration of the floatation property in each of the two filters. Although the paper has a tutorial nature it also includes new important results.

Improvement of Gain Accuracy and CMRR of Low Power Instrumentation Amplifier Using High Gain Operational Amplifiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Rashmi Sahu ◽  
Maitraiyee Konar ◽  
Sudip Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Operational Amplifiers ◽  
Instrumentation Amplifier ◽  
Biomedical Signals ◽  
Op Amp ◽  
Op Amps ◽  
Multi Stage

Background: Sensing of biomedical signals is crucial for monitoring of various health conditions. These signals have a very low amplitude (in μV) and a small frequency range (<500 Hz). In the presence of various common-mode interferences, biomedical signals are difficult to detect. Instrumentation amplifiers (INAs) are usually preferred to detect these signals due to their high commonmode rejection ratio (CMRR). Gain accuracy and CMRR are two important parameters associated with any INA. This article, therefore, focuses on the improvement of the gain accuracy and CMRR of a low power INA topology. Objective: The objective of this article is to achieve high gain accuracy and CMRR of low power INA by having high gain operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), which are the building blocks of the INAs. Methods: For the implementation of the Op-Amps and the INAs, the Cadence Virtuoso tool was used. All the designs and implementation were realized in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Results: Three different Op-Amp topologies namely single-stage differential Op-Amp, folded cascode Op-Amp, and multi-stage Op-Amp were implemented. Using these Op-Amp topologies separately, three Op-Amp-based INAs were realized and compared. The INA designed using the high gain multistage Op-Amp topology of low-frequency gain of 123.89 dB achieves a CMRR of 164.1 dB, with the INA’s gain accuracy as good as 99%, which is the best when compared to the other two INAs realized using the other two Op-Amp topologies implemented. Conclusion: Using very high gain Op-Amps as the building blocks of the INA improves the gain accuracy of the INA and enhances the CMRR of the INA. The three Op-Amp-based INA designed with the multi-stage Op-Amps shows state-of-the-art characteristics as its gain accuracy is 99% and CMRR is as high as 164.1 dB. The power consumed by this INA is 29.25 μW by operating on a power supply of ±0.9V. This makes this INA highly suitable for low power measurement applications.

ON THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW FLOATING CURRENT CONVEYORS

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 1005-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMED M. SOLIMAN ◽  
RAMY A. SAAD
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Current Conveyor ◽  
Current Conveyors ◽  
Cmos Circuit ◽  
Current Mirror ◽  
Admittance Matrix ◽  
Special Cases

Two new types of floating current conveyors are introduced. Each type has four ports: Y, X and two Z ports. The first type is the Floating Second Generation Current Conveyor (FCCII) and includes both CCII+ and CCII- as special cases. The second type is the Floating Inverting Second Generation Current Conveyor (FICCII) and includes both ICCII+ and ICCII- as special cases. The Nodal Admittance Matrix (NAM) stamp for the Nullator-Pathological Current Mirror is derived. Examples are given together with a CMOS circuit realizing both the FCCII and FICCII.

ON THE DVCC AND THE BOCCII AS ADJOINT ELEMENTS

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 1017-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMED M. SOLIMAN
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Current Conveyor ◽  
Cmos Circuit ◽  
Output Current ◽  
Admittance Matrix ◽  
Differential Voltage ◽  
Differential Voltage Current Conveyor

The Differential Voltage Current Conveyor (DVCC) with its two polarities namely DVCC- and DVCC+ are reviewed together with their pathological element representations. Their two adjoint building blocks are the Balanced Output Current Conveyor (BOCCII) and the Balanced Output Inverting Current Conveyor (BOICCII) are also discussed with their pathological element representations. The universal CMOS circuit realizing these four building blocks is also included. The Nodal Admittance Matrix (NAM) stamp for the DVCC-, DVCC+, BOCCII and BOICCII are also given. Among the four basic building blocks considered the DVCC- is the only floating building block. Examples are given showing that some of the reported filters are related to each other by the adjoint network theorem.

Low voltage and low frequency current mirror using a two-MOS subthreshold OP-Amp

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tanno ◽  
O. Ishizuka ◽  
Z. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Current Mirror ◽  
Op Amp ◽  
Frequency Current

A new three-dimensional anionic cadmium(II) dicyanamide network

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Li ◽  
Hui-Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Unit Cell Volume ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Cadmium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Tetrahydrate ◽  
Anionic Framework

A new cadmium dicyanamide complex, poly[tetramethylphosphonium [μ-chlorido-di-μ-dicyanamido-κ4N1:N5-cadmium(II)]], [(CH3)4P][Cd(NCNCN)2Cl], was synthesized by the reaction of tetramethylphosphonium chloride, cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium dicyanamide in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure, each CdIIatom is octahedrally coordinated by four terminal N atoms from four anionic dicyanamide (dca) ligands and by two chloride ligands. The dicyanamide ligands play two different roles in the building up of the structure; one role results in the formation of [Cd(dca)Cl]2building blocks, while the other links the building blocks into a three-dimensional structure. The anionic framework exhibits a solvent-accessible void of 673.8 Å3, amounting to 47.44% of the total unit-cell volume. The cavities in the network are occupied by pairs of tetramethylphosphonium cations.

Policy in palliative care

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Policies ◽  
Health Model

This chapter describes all aspects of policy, including definitions, who is it that sets policy, how policy is made, how policy is implemented, the elements of effective policies, the differences between policies and regulations, the policies that are important for palliative care, global versus national policy differences, and barriers to the creation and implementation of palliative care policies. Understanding policy is important, as it is one of the fundamental building blocks of palliative care under the World Health Organization’s public health model. This model underscores the pre-eminence of policy, as it makes possible all the other elements. Palliative care professionals should understand the complexity inherent in policy and embrace it as an important area to master.

Unique Ethical Issues in Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Kovac
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
The Right

What makes chemistry unique? And how does this uniqueness reflect on chemistry’s unique concerns with ethics? As Roald Hoffmann (1995) argues, it is because chemistry is in the “tense middle,” occupying a space between several pairs of extremes. Perhaps most important, chemistry has always inhabited a frontier between science and technology, the pure and the applied, the theoretical and the practical (Bensaude-Vincent and Simon 2008). Unlike the other natural sciences, chemistry traces its origins both to philosophy and the craft tradition. Chemists are discoverers of knowledge and creators of new substances. The objects of study in chemistry, molecules and the macroscopic systems made up of molecules, are intermediate between the very small, the elementary particles, and the very large, the cosmos. Chemical systems are the right size to affect humans directly, for better or worse. They are the building blocks of biological organisms, they are the substances we eat and drink, they are the drugs that have improved human health dramatically over the past century, they comprise the materials we use to construct the products we use daily, but they are also the environmental pollutants that can plague our world. Chemicals can also be used as weapons. Being in the middle means that chemists face a unique set of ethical issues that I try to explicate in this chapter. These issues derive, in part, from the nature of chemistry as a science, a science that does not fit the neat picture drawn in the first chapter of textbooks. They also derive from the fact that ethics is an inquiry into right human conduct: What is a good life? Chemistry has perhaps contributed more to the betterment of human life than any other science, but at the same time has also contributed significantly to the deterioration of the environment. As explained in Chapter 3, much of chemistry is conducted in Pasteur’s quadrant, where both the search for fundamental knowledge and considerations of use are important. Chemical synthesis is perhaps the central activity of chemistry.

The State of People and Knowledge in the GCC Countries per a New Index and the Future Ahead

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-74
Author(s):  
Abdulkader Alfantookh ◽  
Saad Haj Bakry
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Core Issues

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with their rich oil resources, are facing the problem of fallen oil prices on the one hand, and reduced oil reserves on the other. As a result, they are moving toward less dependence on oil, and increasing dependence on people and knowledge. This paper develops a wide scope “people and knowledge index (PKI)” using relevant international indicators made available by various international organizations. The index includes “ten building blocks.” Four of these blocks are concerned with the “core issues” of people and knowledge; while the other six blocks are related to the “environment issues” according to which people and knowledge interact. The paper assesses the GCC countries according to the index revealing their strengths and weaknesses, and enabling the derivation of guidelines for their future development. The resulting guidelines consider how the GCC countries can direct their future development toward a high and growing standard of living, while reducing dependence on oil. Finally, the future use of the new index is highlighted.

Two Sides of the Same Coin? Neutral Monism as an Attempt to Reconcile Subjectivity and Objectivity in Personal Identity

Metaphysica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Nils-Frederic Wagner ◽  
Iva Apostolova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Psychological Continuity ◽  
Neutral Monism ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Over Time

AbstractStandard views of personal identity over time often hover uneasily between the subjective, first-person dimension (e. g. psychological continuity), and the objective, third-person dimension (e. g. biological continuity) of a person’s life. Since both dimensions capture something integral to personal identity, we show that neither can successfully be discarded in favor of the other. The apparent need to reconcile subjectivity and objectivity, however, presents standard views with problems both in seeking an ontological footing of, as well as epistemic evidence for, personal identity. We contend that a fresh look at neutral monism offers a novel way to tackle these problems; counting on the most fundamental building blocks of reality to be ontologically neutral with regards to subjectivity and objectivity of personal identity. If the basic units of reality are, in fact, ontologically neutral – but can give rise to mental as well as physical events – these basic units of reality might account for both subjectivity and objectivity in personal identity. If this were true, it would turn out that subjectivity and objectivity are not conflictive dimensions of personal identity but rather two sides of the same coin.

scholarly journals Argeologie van homofobie: Boustene van mag

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Le Roux ◽  
Yolanda Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Sexual Minorities ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coercive Power ◽  
Introductory Section ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
Archaeology Of Knowledge

Archaeology of homophobia: Building blocks of power. The article investigates present-day discourses which demonstrate coercive power with regard to sexuality according to which people are attributed an identity. Such hegemony restricts existential authenticity. The article shows that, although sexual minorities could have public rights according to constitutional law, they still experience marginalisation because of victimisation on account of a heteronormative societal discourse. The article consists of an introductory section in which Michel Foucault’s notion of ‘the archaeology of knowledge’ is used to explore levels of perceptions in society which illustrate perceptions and ideas on homophobia. The first section focuses on the phenomenon of stigmatisation. The second section describes the process of stereotyping taboos that result in the phenomenon of internalised homophobia. The article concludes with a deconstruction of homophobia by emphasising the recognition of the Other by means of a contradiscourse to heteronormativity.

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