A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POSSIBILISTIC INDEPENDENCE IN A WEAKLY ORDERED SETTING

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 117-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. BEN AMOR ◽  
K. MELLOULI ◽  
S. BENFERHAT ◽  
D. DUBOIS ◽  
H. PRADE
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Possibility Theory ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Uncertain Reasoning ◽  
Joint Distributions ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Independence Relations

The notion of independence is central in many information processing areas, such as multiple criteria decision making, databases, or uncertain reasoning. This is especially true in the later case, where the success of Bayesian networks is basically due to the graphical representation of independence they provide. This paper first studies qualitative independence relations when uncertainty is encoded by a complete pre-order between states of the world. While a lot of work has focused on the formulation of suitable definitions of independence in uncertainty theories our interest in this paper is rather to formulate a general definition of independence based on purely ordinal considerations, and that applies to all weakly ordered settings. The second part of the paper investigates the impact of the embedding of qualitative independence relations into the scale-based possibility theory. The absolute scale used in this setting enforces the commensurateness between local pre-orders (since they share the same scale). This leads to an easy decomposability property of the joint distributions into more elementary relations on the basis of the independence relations. Lastly we provide a comparative study between already known definitions of possibilistic independence and the ones proposed here.

GRAPHOID PROPERTIES OF QUALITATIVE POSSIBILISTIC INDEPENDENCE RELATIONS

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 59-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAHLA BEN AMOR ◽  
SALEM BENFERHAT
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Possibility Theory ◽  
Uncertain Reasoning ◽  
Joint Distributions ◽  
The World ◽  
Theory Framework ◽  
Independence Relations

Independence relations play an important role in uncertain reasoning based on Bayesian networks. In particular, they are useful in decomposing joint distributions into more elementary local ones. Recently, in a possibility theory framework, several qualitative independence relations have been proposed, where uncertainty is encoded by means of a complete pre-order between states of the world. This paper studies the well-known graphoid properties of these qualitative independences. Contrary to the probabilistic independence, several qualitative independence relations are not necessarily symmetric. Therefore, we also analyze the symmetric counterparts of graphoid properties (called reverse graphoid properties).

scholarly journals The Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe: Focus on Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2942
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gabutti ◽  
Erica d’Anchera ◽  
Francesco De Motoli ◽  
Marta Savio ◽  
Armando Stefanati
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
World Population ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Starting from December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has forcefully entered our lives and profoundly changed all the habits of the world population. The COVID-19 pandemic has violently impacted the European continent, first involving only some European countries, Italy in particular, and then spreading to all member states, albeit in different ways and times. The ways SARS-CoV-2 spreads are still partly unknown; to quantify and adequately respond to the pandemic, various parameters and reporting systems have been introduced at national and European levels to promptly recognize the most alarming epidemiological situations and therefore limit the impact of the virus on the health of the population. The relevant key points to implement adequate measures to face the epidemic include identifying the population groups most involved in terms of morbidity and mortality, identifying the events mostly related to the spreading of the virus and recognizing the various viral mutations. The main objective of this work is to summarize the epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and Italy almost a year after the first reported case in our continent. The secondary objectives include the definition of the epidemiological parameters used to monitor the epidemic, the explanation of superspreading events and the description of how the epidemic has impacted on health and social structures, with a particular focus on Italy.

scholarly journals Sustainable Markets: Case Study Of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean R. Manna ◽  
Gayle Marco ◽  
Brittany Lynn Khalil ◽  
Sara Meier
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Marketing ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The traditional definition of sustainability calls for policies and strategies that meet societys present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (1). Sustainability is a concern in private and public sectors all over the world; it is an issue that resonates with people in all age ranges, income levels, and geographic locations. The main idea of sustainability is reduce, reuse, and recycle. People and organizations alike must consider every possible effect from the decisions they make in regards to the environment. With over 600,000,000 passenger cars on the road in the world, and over 50,000,000 passenger cars built each year, it is imperative that automakers make sustainable decisions (2). It is not just the large number of vehicles in the world that is cause for concern, but the immense amount of resources needed to manufacture, transport, and fuel them. Automakers must consider the impact that each car has during every stage of its life cycle, in addition to their responsibility to society (in terms of the environment, education, and safety) and the impact of their suppliers. This case study is designed to discuss the background of Toyota and highlight the companys current actions in regard to sustainable marketing; a comparison will also be made to the sustainable efforts of Honda and Subaru.

scholarly journals Encountering Worlds: Performing In/As Philosophy in the Ecological Age

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
João Florêncio
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Oriented Ontology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Geological Formations

Within the context of the ‘Anthropocene’, the current geological epoch marked by the impact of human activity on terrestrial ecosystems and geological formations, this article considers the ways in which the ecological blurring of boundaries between ‘Nature’ and ‘Culture’ might affect existing ontologies of performance. Departing from Richard Bauman’s definition of performance as both communication and enactment, we will use the postulates of Graham Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology to speculate on what performance might mean beyond the human/nonhuman divide.  Ultimately, it will be claimed, performance, understood as both enactment and unveiling, is at the core of all encounters between all bodies and irrespective of their perceived nature. As a result, the world must once again be thought as theatrum mundi, as a stage where bodies always encounter one another through the contingency of the personae they play, personae that nonetheless are unable to exhaust the full being of the bodies behind them.

Using of Renewable Resources as the Stabilizing Instrument of Global Security

2014 ◽  
Vol 1001 ◽  
pp. 509-516
Author(s):  
Miloš Ondrušek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Global Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with issue of increasing of using the renewable resources as the stabilizing tool in relation to the world security. In this paper, there are identified and described basic critical issues of recent world security. Moreover there is a definition of wide seized security. After depicting of the basic problems of the world security there are deeper analyzed issue of oil deposits state and their diversification as a security problem as well as the problem of socio-economic development. This is followed by the security risk analysis related to the drink water world reserves. In further text there are characterized some scenarios of future security and socio-economic development related to the impact of possible lack of oil and water in world economics. This is followed by the characteristics of recent consumption of renewables within the primary energetic consumption, as well as by description of the stabilizing effects of increasing of using of renewables to the global security and socio-economic development.

Many cultures, one citizenship

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Touraine
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Two opposite statements must be rejected with the same rigor. First (1) is that a few countries have identified themselves with modernity by their scientific, technical and economic achievement and that the rest of the world, which is lagging behind the ‘advanced countries’, must follow in their footsteps and imitate their example. The article first of all sets out the falsity of such a statement, because there is not one but many western paths of modernization, and indicates that it is nothing but a colonialist ideology, which spread from European and American societies and cultures and destroyed all independent efforts of modernization in other countries, in particular China. The hegemony of the western capitalist model is more than challenged by other ways of modernization, for though the soviet model has failed, other countries are ‘emerging’ or have already emerged. Second (2) the opposite representation defends the idea of a complete multiculturalism including political regimes and human rights. It fights against the previous colonialist model and supports a total relativism. But this view makes impossible the communication between completely different countries and cultures and reciprocal fear leads to an extreme conflict between ‘civilizations’, such as S. Huntington has described. This view leads to the conclusion that war is inevitable if each civilization has a complete internal unity and a complete control on all its activities. But the world is not divided into various theocratic states: no single theocratic state commands the whole or the majority of Muslim population. The central problem remains real and difficult: how to combine unity and diversity, the difference between cultures and the capacity for them to communicate with each other? The most useful idea is to elaborate one general definition of modernity, as a culture which is based on universalistic principles. The western mode of modernization is not the only possible one; nor is it at all sure that the western process of separation of temporal and spiritual powers is the only possibility. We cannot assert that universalism must penetrate social life only through political institutions and citizenship. It is beyond any reasonable doubt that modernity, with its universalistic components, cannot be identified with only one type of social organization and cultural values.

Studying Political Representation: A Comparative-Gendered Approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Office ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opening Up

How does a comparative politics of gender improve our understanding of political representation? I map the existing feminist literature on this topic, which asks questions like why there are so few women elected to political office, whether women in politics represent women as a group, and how the presence or absence of women in politics affects voter perceptions and opinions. I then consider how scholars—both feminist and non-feminist—might generate new insights on political representation by expanding what is thought of as a “case” and what is meant by the term “gender.” I recommend increasing the scope of comparison by (1) opening up the definition of a case to include a broader range of units and events and (2) connecting the study of a single unit to patterns generated by the study of other similar units. I suggest moving away from equating women with gender by exploring (1) relations between women and men and (2) the impact of masculinities and femininities on the conduct of political life. While developed in relation to research on representation, this approach offers broader advice for capturing the diverse and gendered nature of political dynamics observed around the world.

scholarly journals Considerations Concerning the Impact of Propensities on Basic Macroeconomic Occurrences

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Doszyń
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
National Income ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Considerations Concerning the Impact of Propensities on Basic Macroeconomic Occurrences In the article theoretical deliberations relating to impact of propensities on basic macroeconomic phenomena were presented. A general definition of propensity was discussed. The influence of propensity for consumption, propensity for investment and propensity for thesaurization on national income, interest rates, consumption expenditures, investments and money supply was analyzed. Derivatives that make it possible to identify quantitative effects of propensities were introduced. On the basis of the discussed Keynesian model it is possible to say that the propensity to consume increases interest rate and national income, the propensity to invest makes investments, national income and interest rates higher and the propensity for thesaurization could increase interest rates by lowering money supply.

scholarly journals The state of Canada’s tech sector, 2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Creig Lamb ◽  
Matthew Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

As the tech sector continues to grow and emerging technologies from around the world become more common, it is now more important than ever to ensure Canada maintains its position as a growing, prominent tech economy. However, past efforts to define the tech sector, while useful, have almost exclusively focused on the information and communications technology sector. Today, technology has become so ubiquitous across all Canadian industries that this approach understates the true impact that the tech sector has on Canada’s economy. For this report, we developed the first pan-Canadian definition of Canada’s tech sector using a proven methodology that has defined other sectors internationally. It is our goal to identify the composition and accurately measure the impact that Canada’s tech sector has on the economy. Using our more encompassing definition, we found that Canada’s tech sector is exceptionally diverse, ranging from digital technologies to aerospace and pharmaceuticals. The sector is also much broader in size, scope and geography than ever before. It is truly a pan-Canadian sector with pan-Canadian impacts.

scholarly journals A Study on Effectiveness of FDI on Unorganised Retail Sector of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
N Kannan ◽  
A Kumar ◽  
P Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Market Place ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tremendous Challenge

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a very vital role in economic development for any developing and under-developing nation, the largest democracy, and the second-largest populated country in the world is facing a tremendous challenge to fight against inflation and unemployment. FDI can provide the life-blood to the Indian economy. Though late the UPA-II Government, headed by Dr. Manmohan Singh, has decided the d on November-2012, in respect of proposals involving FDI beyond 52 percent, it is mandatory to source 30 percent of the value of the goods purchased from India, preferably MSMEs. Making India is the most open economy in the world, Modi Government announced its second major reform in FDI soon after its deep-seated changes. The Government, since the beginning, has been taken steps to boost FDI in the country to create a different climate so that foreign investors feel confident in investing. Putting an end to the long-standing discussion on the Processing of e-commerce in India, Government permitted 100 percent FDI in the market place format e-commerce retailing and also come up with the definition of a marketplace and inventoryled models of e-commerce. All these factors are dwindling purchasing from unorganized retail shops. This research paper will try to find out the impact of FDI on the unorganized retail sector in India as well as the effectiveness of FDI on Agro Products.

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