SELF-EMPLOYMENT INITIATIVES IN IRAN—A CASE STUDY

1994 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 907-930
Author(s):  
YOUNESS ALIZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Management Training ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Affairs

A few years after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the Government of Iran was confronted by a rapid growth in the population, vast migrations from rural areas to urban cities such as Tehran (currently numbering 15 millions), and increasing unemployment. Available statistics, according to sociologists and statisticians, indicate that unemployment in Iran is an “urban” phenomenon affecting high school and university graduates. In an attempt to address the problem of unemployment and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few individuals in business, the Government decided to introduce several models to promote self-employment enterprises. In order to implement these models the Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran has approved several decrees that allow the Government to extend credit to unemployed persons provided they form production co-operatives. There are mainly two self-employment models developed by the Government through the Ministry of Co-operation and the Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs. In order to evaluate these models, this author conducted intensive interviews with a number of staff members in the Ministry of Co-operation and the Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs, reviewed relevant literature, and surveyed 20% of active co-operatives in the Tehran province to gather first-hand information. An important attribute of the scheme is that, through establishing self-employment enterprises for unemployed persons, the Iranian Government attempted to replace mortgages by education or managerial ability as a basis for extending credit. The study revealed that, despite the attractiveness of the models, their success is dependent upon careful implementation and handling of the problems such as management training and the education of self-employed persons.

Government Policies and Rural Entrepreneurship- Case Study of an Horticulture Entrepreneur

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod N. Sambrani
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Rural Entrepreneurship ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Startup Time ◽  
Nursery Management ◽  
The Government

India is a country which is in forefront of being called a developed nation. To be a developed nation, India has to first look at its rural development, because 70 percent of the population live in rural areas, which means more than 700 million people are spread across 6,27,000 villages. Rural development is more than ever before linked to entrepreneurship. Establishments and agencies promoting rural development now look at entrepreneurship as a strategic development medium that could speed up the rural development process. Development institutions believe that rural entrepreneurship offers a huge potential for employment. In this paper a case study of a young entrepreneur who has taken up horticulture (vegetable plants nursery) as his full time profession, with a mission to help the neighbouring farmers is studied, the purpose of this paper is to understand the government role (policies and schemes), the difficulties faced by the entrepreneur during the startup time and knowledge transfer from the horticulture department, nursery management. The methodology followed is in-depth interaction with the entrepreneur. The outcome of paper will be to understand how rural entrepreneurship is helping improve the quality of life for families, communities and individuals leading to sustainable economy and environment.

scholarly journals Policy Strategies to Revive Rural Land in Peri-Metropolitan Towns: Resource Identification, Capitalization, and Financialization

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Zhanwei Zhang ◽  
Yang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Master Planning ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Multifunctional Land Use ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Resource Identification ◽  
The Government ◽  
Interpretative Approach ◽  
The Town

Previous planning for rural revival in towns has emphasized construction and government-led policies. However, we argue that the dilemmas of peri-metropolitan rural areas, such as Desakota in China, are far more complex faced with rural super village and hollowed village transformations. Rural revival planning needs to coordinate with the development of urbanized and rural areas towards multifunctional goals and plans as a whole. Therefore, we selected the town master plan of Lijia, a typical peri-metropolitan village in China, as a case study. Through a historical–interpretative approach involving analysis of planning policies, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with the key stakeholders involved, we structured the process and mechanism of rural revival in Lijia into three phases: resource identification, capitalization, and financialization. In different phases, different stakeholders adopt different roles. The government takes a leading role in resource identification and capitalization, while firms take a leading role in the process of financialization. “Market-dominant and government-guided” planning stimulates villagers to participate in rural revival. We highlight the importance of multifunctional land-use in terms of rural revival in the master planning of peri-metropolitan villages and provide a practical reference for uniting multiple stakeholders, including governments, firms, and villagers.

scholarly journals Rwanda’s Land Policy Reform: Self-Employment Perspectives from a Case Study of Kimonyi Sector

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Mireille Mizero ◽  
Aristide Maniriho ◽  
Bosco Bashangwa Mpozi ◽  
Antoine Karangwa ◽  
Philippe Burny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Expropriation Risk ◽  
Main Activity

Rwanda’s Land Policy Reform promotes agri-business and encourages self-employment. This paper aims to analyze the situation from a self-employment perspective when dealing with expropriation risk in rural areas. In this study, we conducted a structured survey addressed to 63 domestic units, complemented by focus groups of 47 participants from Kimonyi Sector. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that having job alternatives, men heading domestic units, literacy skills in English, and owning land lease certificates (p < 0.05) are positively and significantly related to awareness of land expropriation risk. The decision of the head of the domestic unit to practice the main activity under self-employment status is positively influenced by owning a land lease certificate, number of plots, and French skills, while skills in English and a domestic unit’s size have a positive and significant influence on involvement in a second activity as self-employed. Information on expropriation risk has no significant effect on self-employment. The domestic unit survey revealed that 34.9% of the heads of domestic units only have one job, 47.6% have at least two jobs in their everyday life, 12.7% have a minimum of three jobs, and 4.8% are inactive. The focus group synthesis exposed the limits to self-employment ability and facilities.

scholarly journals Growth and Productivity Analysis of Micro Finance Sector: A Case Study of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (III) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Adnan Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas ◽  
Muhammad Nisar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Productivity Analysis ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Government ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

This study reviews the growth strategies and their effect on the efficiency and productivity of the microfinance sector of Pakistan. The sector needs to have adopted intensive growth strategy instead of extensive strategies of wide expansion in term of physical infrastructure and human resources, which had increased the financial sustainability risks for the credit constrain institutions. The sixdimension model of outreach used in this study also shows that the sector does not achieve the targets set forth for these micro finance institutes with respect to its active borrowers’ outreach. The sector has mainly focused the big cities and urban areas whereas the poverty levels are higher in rural areas. The government has also shown its interest by launching two different types of loan schemes. Among the three different types of institution, the microfinance banks dominate the sector.

scholarly journals The Role of Non-State Actors in Strengthening the Developmental Capacity of the State: A Case Study of Cross Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Felix Chukwudi Oparah ◽  
Enya Ndem Bassey ◽  
Ohatu Ekoh Ohatu
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Developmental Capacity ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Government

This study examined the role of Non State Actors (NSAs) in strengthening the developmental capacity of the state, using a case study of Cross River State, Nigeria. Primary and secondary data on selected constituents of NSAs including Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Privately Owned Companies, Banks, Private Hospitals and Private Schools were analyzed using tables and charts. The results revealed that activities of NSAs significantly enhance the developmental capacity of Cross River State especially in the areas of provision of public services, knowledge and skill acquisition, infrastructural development and employment generation. Besides other recommendations, it was recommended that NSAs and the government should perform complementary roles in enhancing developmental capacity and that the establishment of more NSAs in the rural areas should be encouraged through the provision of special funding and other incentives for NSAs that have their offices in the rural areas.

scholarly journals Value Chain Analysis of adventure tourism: a case study of Ajara Autonomous Republic (Georgia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargiz Phalavandishvili ◽  
◽  
Natalia Robitashvili ◽  
Ekaterine Bakhtadze ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Autonomous Republic

Ajara Autonomous Republic, both within the country and in the world tourist market, has always been positioned as a maritime tourist destination. However, over recent years diversification of tourist products and appealing new market segments have become one of the main priorities of the tourism development strategy of Ajara Autonomous Republic. As a result, the government is creating an appropriate tourist infrastructure, especially in rural areas to support developing such tourist products as adventure and eco-tourism. Adventure tourism can deliver significant benefits at the local level and it is a developing segment in Ajara. Creating adventure tourism products requires integration of various interdependent services. A tourism value chain is defined as a system that describes the cooperation of private and state sectors in providing resources, which creates costs and adds value through various processes and delivers final products to visitors. The purpose of the research was to determine weak links in the value chain and creating a comprehensive value chain model to form the competitive adventure tourism product. The research involved all actors, which operate in the tourism sector. Based on the results of the survey, in the value chain, the food link turned out to be the weakest, whereas the accommodation with the highest share was distinguished in the visitor spending structure. Overall, the cost of the adventure tour will be affordable for both international and domestic tourists. At this stage, government support and participation are crucial in the formation of adventure tourism infrastructure. Through using the case study and qualitative research methods, we tried to identify challenges to the growth of adventure tourism in Ajara and developed recommendations to overcome these challenges.

scholarly journals Sustainability of the Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES): A Case Study of Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Alalade
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Youth Empowerment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Selection Of

The study examined the sustainability of youth empowerment scheme using ARMTI as a case study. A three-stage sampling technique was adopted in the selection of 112 respondents for the study using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse data. The result of the findings show that the mean age of the respondents was 34.5. The study revealed more male (63.4%) participation in the programme, with majority (72.3%) being single. Major benefit derived by respondents were skill acquisition, (98.2%), positive change in attitude towards agriculture (94.6%), and access to capital (90.2%). Inadequate fund or capital support by the government, poor post-empowerment support by the government, and uncertainty over the political environment to support continuity were the major constraints to sustainability of the scheme. There was significant relationship between constraints (r = 0.462*) and perceived sustainability of the youth empowerment scheme. The study concluded that youth empowerment scheme was adjudged sustainable. Government, development experts and donor agencies must ensure that sustainability of the programme is taken into cognizance at every level of the programme and efforts must be put into incorporation of monitoring and evaluation from the beginning so as to prevent wastage of resources.

scholarly journals Promoting Equal Access to Public Digital Cultural Services in China: Efforts and Challenges

Libri ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengdeng Wanyan ◽  
Yanqing Dai
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Cultural Services ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Government

Abstract With the development of information technology and the advent of the digital era, the digitization of cultural heritage and the internet-based equal access to the digitized heritage have received worldwide attention. Taking China as a case study, this paper reviews its efforts and challenges to promote equal access to public digital cultural services (PDCS). It starts by introducing the efforts, including PDCS-related legislations, policies and standards issued by the government, and major government-initiated PDCS projects. They are followed by an analysis of its challenges, including deficiencies in government funding, internet penetration, broadband access rates in the Central and Western regions and rural areas, and the limited digital literacy, cultural knowledge, and income levels of certain population groups. This study concludes with the suggestion that promoting equal access to PDCS in less developed regions, rural areas, and vulnerable groups is still an important task in China, and the government needs to work with private sector partners to overcome the challenges.

Right to Service Acts in India— Fundamental Governance Reforms or an Exercise in Political Rhetoric?: A Case Study of Delhi Administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Garg
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Indian States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Governance Reforms

Right-based approach to governance became popular in India in the first decade of present century with the passage of legislations conferring Right to Information, Right to Work in rural areas, and Right to Primary Education upon its citizens. This article examines the next step in that direction—passage of Right to Service (RTS) Acts by a number of Indian States thereby providing its citizens the right to time-bound delivery of notified public services. These Acts not only empower citizens to make claims against the government if the rights are violated but also serve as a tool for the politicians and the senior bureaucrats to control lower bureaucracy. This article traces the genealogy of RTS Acts in Citizen’s Charter movement of the1990s in the UK and evaluates their progress and results with the help of various theories and concepts used for improving the public service delivery. How inept implementation has thwarted the promise of accountability inherent in these Acts will be seen in detail while piercing the veil of statistical data.

scholarly journals Fenomena Pernikahan Dini Membuat Orang Tua dan Remaja Tidak Takut Mengalami Kehamilan Tidak Diinginkan

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Aprianti Aprianti ◽  
Zahroh Shaluhiyah ◽  
Antono Suryoputro
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Sex Behavior ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

AbstrakKasus KTD pada remaja Kabupaten Pati yang berusia < 17 tahun sebanyak 43,8%, yang berdampak pada pernikahan di usia dini semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan respon orang tua dan remaja SMP yang mengalami KTD, serta dampak pernikahan di usia dini. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Pengambilan sampel dengan cara purposive dan pengumpulan data menggunakan indepth interview. Informan utama adalah remaja yang mengalami KTD 5 orang. Informan triangulasi orang tua informan 5 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan fenomena pernikahan dini membuat orang tua dan remaja tidak takut mengalami kehamilan tidak diinginkan, akibatnya masyarakat yang dahulu menganggap hubungan seks pranikah perilaku yang melanggar norma, sekarang cenderung lebih bisa diterima oleh masyarakat. Orang tua dan remaja yang tinggal didaerah rural memberikan respon untuk menyelesaikan permasalah KTD dengan menikahkan informan. Sedangkan yang tinggal didaerah urban, meminta informan untuk melakukan aborsi, tetapi setelah gagal akhirnya informan dinikahkan. Pernikahan menjadi solusi KTD yang dialami remaja karena masyarakat permisif terhadap pernikahan diusia dini dan budaya dimasyarakat yang menganggap jika kewajiban perempuan hanya disektor domestik, sehingga kodrat perempuan adalah menjadi ibu urmah tangga. Disarankan memberikan informasi kepada remaja dan orang tua tentang dampak pernikahan dini. Pemerintah khususnya DKK Pati bisa lebih memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang ramah remaja sejak tingkat SMP.Kata kunci : KTD, pernikahan dini, remaja SMPAbstractIn Pati District KTD cases in adolescents aged <17 years as much as 43.8%, which affects the marriage at an early age is increasing. This research aims to describe the response of parents and teens junior who experience unwanted pregnancy, and the effects of marriage at an early age. This research method was qualitative case study design. With a purposive sampling and data collection using in-depth interviews. The main informants were adolescent who experienced unwanted pregnancy 5 people. Informants triangulation parents 5 people. The results showed the phenomenon of early marriage makes parents and teens are not afraid of an unwanted pregnancy, as a result people who previously regarded premarital sex behavior that violates norms, are now more likely to be accepted by society. Parents and teenagers who live rural areas provide a response to resolve the problem by marrying unwanted pregnancy informant. While living urban areas, asking informants to have an abortion, but after failing informant eventually wed. Marriage was a solution unwanted pregnancy experienced by adolescents because of the permissive society towards marriage early age and culture in the community who think if the domestic sector only female duties, so that the nature of women is to be a housewife. Suggested provide information to adolescents and parents about the effects of early marriage. The government particularly Health Provider can further provide youth- friendly health services since the junior level.Keywords: unwanted pregnancy, early marriage, adolescents of junior high school

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