MACRODROPLET REDUCTION AND GROWTH MECHANISMS IN CATHODIC ARC PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF TiN FILMS

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 653-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUBARAK ALI ◽  
ESAH HAMZAH ◽  
TAHIR ABBAS ◽  
MOHD RADZI HJ. MOHD TOFF ◽  
ISHTIAQ A. QAZI
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Tin Coatings ◽  
Cathodic Arc

Cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD) a technique used for the deposition of hard coatings for tooling applications has many advantages. The main drawback of this technique is the formation of macrodroplets (MDs) during deposition resulting in films with rougher morphology. The MDs contamination and growth mechanisms was investigated in TiN coatings over high-speed steel, as a function of metal ion etching, substrate bias, and nitrogen gas flow rate; it was observed that the latter is the most important factor in controlling the size and number of the macrodroplets.

EFFECT OF COATING THICKNESS ON THE PROPERTIES OF TiN COATINGS DEPOSITED ON TOOL STEELS USING CATHODIC ARC PVD TECHNIQUE

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MUBARAK ◽  
PARVEZ AKHTER ◽  
ESAH HAMZAH ◽  
MOHD RADZI HJ. MOHD TOFF ◽  
ISHTIAQ A. QAZI
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
Cathodic Arc

Titanium nitride ( TiN ) widely used as hard coating material, was coated on tool steels, namely on high-speed steel (HSS) and D2 tool steel by physical vapor deposition method. The study concentrated on cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD), a technique used for the deposition of hard coatings for tooling applications, and which has many advantages. The main drawback of this technique, however, is the formation of macrodroplets (MDs) during deposition, resulting in films with rougher morphology. Various standard characterization techniques and equipment, such as electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, hardness testing machine, scratch tester, and pin-on-disc machine, were used to analyze and quantify the following properties and parameters: surface morphology, thickness, hardness, adhesion, and coefficient of friction (COF) of the deposited coatings. Surface morphology revealed that the MDs produced during the etching stage, protruded through the TiN film, resulting in film with deteriorated surface features. Both coating thickness and indentation loads influenced the hardness of the deposited coatings. The coatings deposited on HSS exhibit better adhesion compared to those on D2 tool steel. Standard deviation indicates that the coating deposited with thickness around 6.7 μm showed the most stable trend of COF versus sliding distance.

Evolution of TiN Coating Surface Roughness during Physical Vapor Deposition on High Speed Steel Substrate

2014 ◽  
Vol 604 ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Leonid Kupchenko ◽  
Rauno Tali ◽  
Eron Adoberg ◽  
Valdek Mikli ◽  
Vitali Podgursky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Growth Exponent ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Tin Coatings ◽  
Atomic Force

TiN coatings with different thickness were prepared by arc ion plating (AIP) physical vapor deposition (PVD) on high speed steel (HSS) substrates. TiN coatings surface roughness was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 3D optical profilometry and growth kinetics was described using scaling exponents β and α. The growth exponent β is 0.91-1.0 and the roughness exponent α is 0.77-0.81. Due to relatively high value of the exponent α, the surface diffusion is likely predominant smoothening mechanism of TiN growth.

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN GAS FLOW RATE ON THE PROPERTIES OF TiN-COATED HIGH-SPEED STEEL (HSS) USING CATHODIC ARC EVAPORATION PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (PVD) TECHNIQUE

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 631-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALI MUBARAK ◽  
ESAH BINTI HAMZAH ◽  
MOHD RADZI HJ. MOHD TOFF ◽  
ABDUL HAKIM BIN HASHIM
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Cathodic Arc Evaporation ◽  
Arc Evaporation ◽  
Cathodic Arc

Cathodic arc evaporation (CAE) is a widely-used technique for generating highly ionized plasma from which hard and wear resistant physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings can be deposited. A major drawback of this technique is the emission of micrometer-sized droplets of cathode material from the arc spot, which are commonly referred to as "macroparticles." In present study, titanium nitride ( TiN ) coatings on high-speed steel (HSS) coupons were produced with a cathodic arc evaporation technique. We studied and discussed the effect of various nitrogen gas flow rates on microstructural and mechanical properties of TiN -coated HSS coupons. The coating properties investigated in this work included the surface morphology, thickness of deposited coating, adhesion between the coating and substrate, coating composition, coating crystallography, hardness and surface characterization using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) with glazing incidence angle (GIA) technique, scratch tester, hardness testing machine, surface roughness tester, and atomic force microscope (AFM). An increase in the nitrogen gas flow rate showed decrease in the formation of macro-droplets in CAE PVD technique. During XRD-GIA studies, it was observed that by increasing the nitrogen gas flow rate, the main peak [1,1,1] shifted toward the lower angular position. Surface roughness decreased with an increase in nitrogen gas flow rate but was higher than the uncoated polished sample. Microhardness of TiN -coated HSS coupons showed more than two times increase in hardness than the uncoated one. Scratch tester results showed good adhesion between the coating material and substrate. Considerable improvement in the properties of TiN -deposited thin films was achieved by the strict control of all operational steps.

scholarly journals Threading Performance of Different Coatings for High Speed Steel Tapping

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Alain Gil Del Val ◽  
Fernando Veiga ◽  
Octavio Pereira ◽  
Luis Norberto Lopez De Lacalle
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Tialn Coating ◽  
Tool Performance ◽  
Thread Profile ◽  
Increase Tool Life

Threading holes using tapping tools is a widely used machining operation in the industry. This manufacturing process involves a great tool immersion in the part, which involves both friction and cutting. This makes the use of coatings critical to improving tool life. Four coatings are used based on Physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology—TiN, TiCN, TiAlN and TiAlN+WC/C are compared to uncoated tool performance. The effect of various coatings on the life of M12 × 1.5 tapping tools during threading of through holes 20 mm deep, in GG25 casting plates, dry and applying cutting speed of 50 m/min. The end-of-life criterion has been established based on a cutting torque of 16 N-m. Taking the uncoated tap as a basis for comparison, it is observed that coatings based on PVD technologies increase tool life doubling in the most advantageous case with the TiAlN coating. PVD type coatings provide better protection to wear at cylindrical area of the tool, where the thread profile is finished, than uncoated taps. The teeth located in the cone-cylinder transition zone of the taps suffer the most wear regardless of the coating. However, taps coated with TiAlN+WC/C wear level values is lowest of all the coatings tested, which indicates a strong reinforcement in these teeth.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Temperature-Related Wear Performance of Hard Nanostructured Coatings Deposited on a S600 High Speed Steel

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Santecchia ◽  
Marcello Cabibbo ◽  
Abdel Hamouda ◽  
Farayi Musharavati ◽  
Anton Popelka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Metal Machining ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Orthopedic Prosthesis

Thin hard coatings are widely known as key elements in many industrial fields, from equipment for metal machining to dental implants and orthopedic prosthesis. When it comes to machining and cutting tools, thin hard coatings are crucial for decreasing the coefficient of friction (COF) and for protecting tools against oxidation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the tribological performance of two commercially available thin hard coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on a high speed tool steel (S600) under extreme working conditions. For this purpose, pin-on-disc wear tests were carried out either at room temperature (293 K) or at high temperature (873 K) against alumina (Al2O3) balls. Two thin hard nitrogen-rich coatings were considered: a multilayer AlTiCrN and a superlattice (nanolayered) CrN/NbN. The surface and microstructure characterization were performed by optical profilometry, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

scholarly journals Investigation on the corrosion behavior of physical vapor deposition coated high speed steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 168781401559952 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ravi Raja Malarvannan ◽  
TV Moorthy ◽  
S Sathish ◽  
P Hariharan
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel

Structure-Property Correlations in Cathodic Arc Deposited TiAlN Coatings

2011 ◽  
Vol 702-703 ◽  
pp. 967-970
Author(s):  
Sai Pramod Pemmasani ◽  
Krishna Valleti ◽  
M. Ramakrishna ◽  
K.V. Rajulapati ◽  
Ravi C. Gundakaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bias Voltage ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Transition Metal Nitrides ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Characteristics ◽  
Cathodic Arc ◽  
Property Correlations

PVD hard coatings, notably transition metal nitrides and carbides, are being increasingly used by industry for improving the life and machining speeds of cutting and forming tools. There has been an increasing trend towards use of complex coatings, based on ternary and even more complex multi-component systems, as well as in novel configurations such as multilayers, superlattices, nanolayers and graded coatings, to achieve superior properties in the tool as well as the finished product. The service properties of the coatings are known to be influenced by their microstructure, phase assembly and composition, apart from the orientation and stress states which can be suitably tailored for diverse applications. In the present study, a ternary coating based on Titanium Aluminum Nitride was deposited on high speed steel substrates by cathodic arc evaporation under varied bias voltage conditions. As-deposited coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Residual Stress Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), EBSD and FIB. Mechanical and tribological characteristics of the coatings were evaluated by nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing, respectively. The variations in coating hardness and adhesion with the bias voltage were studied. The changes in coating microstructure as a consequence of variation in bias voltage were also examined. Results from the above investigations are presented to illustrate how a combination of electron microscopy with nanoindentation and adhesion testing can be utilized to ascertain structure-property correlations in coatings.

ADHESION STRENGTH OF TiN COATINGS AT VARIOUS ION ETCHING DEPOSITED ON TOOL STEELS USING CATHODIC ARC PVD TECHNIQUE

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUBARAK ALI ◽  
ESAH HAMZAH ◽  
NOUMAN ALI
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Strength ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
Ion Etching ◽  
Tin Coatings ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition Method

Titanium nitride ( TiN ) widely used as hard coating material was coated on tool steels, namely on high-speed steel (HSS) and D2 tool steel by physical vapor deposition method. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of ion etching with and without titanium ( Ti ) and chromium ( Cr ) on the adhesion strength of TiN coatings deposited on tool steels. From the scratch tester, it was observed that by increasing Ti ion etching showed an increase in adhesion strength of the deposited coatings. The coatings deposited with Cr ion etching showed poor adhesion compared with the coatings deposited with Ti ion etching. Scratch test measurements showed that the coating deposited with titanium ion etching for 16 min is the most stable coating and maintained even at the critical load of 66 N. The curve obtained via penetration depth along the scratch trace is linear in the case of HSS, whereas is slightly flexible in the case of D2 tool steel. The coatings deposited on HSS exhibit better adhesion compared with those on D2 tool steel.

DEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TiN-COATED STEELS AT VARIOUS N2 GAS FLOW RATES WITH CONSTANT ETCHING BY USING CAPVD TECHNIQUE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUBARAK ALI ◽  
ESAH BINTI HAMZAH ◽  
MOHD RADZI HJ. MOHD TOFF
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Coated Tool ◽  
Excellent Adhesion ◽  
Cathodic Arc

Cathodic Arc Physical Vapor Deposition (CAPVD), a technique used for the deposition of hard coatings, for tooling applications, has many advantages. The main drawback of this technique is the formation of macrodroplets (MDs) during deposition, resulting in films with rougher morphology. Constant etching, by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate up to 200 sccm, helped in reducing the MD size and number; at higher rates, of say 300 sccm, the behavior was reversed. Minimum value of surface roughness recorded at 200 sccm was measured via both surface roughness tester and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Micro-Vickers hardness of TiN -coated tool showed about 564% times increase in hardness than the uncoated one. Scratch tester was used to study the critical loads for the coating and the excellent adhesion achievable, of say 200 sccm, was demonstrated, with relevance to the various modes.

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