GENDER MOTIVES OF MEXICAN ENTREPRENEURS IN TWO LARGE URBAN SETTINGS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650020
Author(s):  
YVES ROBICHAUD ◽  
JEAN-CHARLES CACHON ◽  
JOSÉ BARRAGÁN CODINA ◽  
MARIO CÉSAR DAVILA AGUIRRE ◽  
ALFONSO LOPEZ LIRA ARJONA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Start Up

The need for an income is cited by several studies as a primary motive for both formal and informal business start-up activities found in emerging countries. Conversely, entrepreneurs from developed countries enjoying more favorable economic conditions (such as the United States, Canada, or the European Union) are mainly motivated by intrinsic motives. Given the extant literature, it appeared important to determine which motivators were at play in larger Mexican urban centers, where economic conditions seemed to have become similar to those of Canada and the United States. No significant differences were observed between the motives of female as compared to male entrepreneurs from urban Mexico because a majority went into business primarily for economic reasons rather than for intrinsic motives. Knowing that Mexican entrepreneurs are mostly motivated by economic goals should help local governments in designing policies aimed at fostering and facilitating entrepreneurship.

Law and Development in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Shik Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Law And Development ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Unexpected Outcome

Abstract Economic development is the term that has been associated with less developed countries in the Third World (“developing countries”), not the economically advanced countries (“developed countries”), such as the United States. However, the changing economic conditions in recent decades, such as the widening income gaps among individual citizens and regions within developed countries, stagnant economic growth deepening economic polarization, and an institutional incapacity to deal with these issues, render the concept of economic development relevant to the assessment of the economic problems in developed countries. In the United States, these economic problems caused a significant political consequence such as the unexpected outcome of the presidential election in 2016. This article examines the applicability of the legal and institutional approaches, which were originally adopted to stimulate economic development in successful developing countries, to the economic problems in the United States.

scholarly journals The Influence of D. Trump’s Policy on International Trade

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Chudinova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade War

The increasing level of tension in the trade relations between the United States and other countries, especially China; the potential escalation of trade wars, when countries take more and more explicit retaliatory protectionist measures, becomes a sustainability risk to development of international trade. The US actions taken in 2018–2019 to protect the internal market turned into into a full-fledged trade war, directed primarily against China - the country the United States has the largest trade deficit with. The introduction of the US tariff restrictions on imports from China and several other countries has caused retaliatory measures, as a result the uncertainty of the prospects for international trade increases. Non-tariff measures, such as phytosanitary requirements and technical barriers to trade, have also seen an increase in restrictions.An important source of controversy is the different positions of countries regarding the permissible degree of state support for enterprises. Developed countries, especially the United States, Japan, and the countries of the European Union, have fairly rigidly regulated rules regarding free competition. A cause for great concern is not only the US trade war with China and its consequences for other countries, but also the problems of international trade regulation.

At Home and Abroad. By Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. Pp. xi, 314. $34.95.

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
Andrew Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Developed World

In the 1970s the United States had far higher wages than the rest of the developed world; 1979–1981 median weakly earnings of men in full-time employment were $609 in 1998 prices, compared to an average of $419 across six other developed countries. However, the United States also had a higher unemployment rate; in 1973 it was 4.8 percent compared to an average of 2.1 percent in 11 other countries. Fast forward two decades. Median real wages in the United States, although still higher than in the other countries, had fallen 5.5 percent whereas in the other countries they had increased an average of 22.6 percent. However, whereas the unemployment rate in the United States fell slightly over the period, it skyrocketed in most of the other countries, averaging 8.2 percent in the European Union in 1999. By the late 1990s the United States also differed from the rest of the developed world in a number of other labor-market outcomes. The U.S. had: a lower average duration of unemployment and less prevalent long-term unemployment, higher labor-force participation rates among both men and women, longer average hours of work over the course of the year, and greater earnings inequality.

scholarly journals Migrations of elderly people in the world and in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Sławomir Pytel ◽  
Wioletta Kamińska ◽  
Iwona Kiniorska ◽  
Patryk Brambert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
The North ◽  
The World

Migrations of seniors in the 21st century accurately reflect the socio-demographic changes in developed countries. Their intensity increases in various parts of the world. In Europe, pensioners from the north move to the region of the Mediterranean Sea. Seniors from the United States and Canada are attracted to the countries of Central and South America. The goal of this study is to identify the trends in foreign migrations of seniors in selected countries of the world, with special regard to the migration of Polish pensioners. The study shows that contemporary seniors can afford to purchase property abroad and the driving forces for the migration movement include: warm climate, beautiful landscape, and a healthier and slower pace of living at the final destination. However, when it comes to Polish pensioners, the main reason for their migrations is their attempt to improve their economic conditions.

Putting the Biosphere Reserve Concept into Practice: Some Evidence of Impacts in Rural Communities in the United States

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Solecki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Ecological Sustainability ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Local Impacts ◽  
Benefits And Costs

This paper examines some of the impacts of Biosphere Reserve planning on the socio-economic conditions of rural communities in the United States. Through a review of the literature, it is argued that three broad types of problems can develop when Biosphere Reserve plans are put into effect. These include unexpected development shifts, shifts in the distribution of benefits and costs of economic development, and a loss of local governments' ability to provide public services. Though Biosphere Reserve planning has been cast as a strategy for experimentation in community and ecological sustainability, the planning and management process itself causes paradoxical local impacts.

scholarly journals Differences In Millennials In Emerging Markets and Developed Countries: The Case of Turkey and The United States

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-61
Author(s):  
Timothy Reisenwitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Generation Y ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Online Purchases

This study assesses the differences between Millennials (Generation Y) inadvanced and emerging countries, using the United States and Turkey. The purposeis to give marketers more direction in better addressing the needs of Millennialconsumers in advanced and emerging countries. Results showed that Millennialsin the United States are more satisfied with online purchases, have higher brandloyalty, and were more risk-averse compared to the Millennials from Turkey. Thereare no significant differences between the two countries in terms of social mediausage. This study enriches the existing literature and provides directions for furtherresearch.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF DETERMINATION OF SNOW LOADS FOR ROOFS IN BUILDING CODES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Alexander Belostotsky ◽  
Nikita Britikov ◽  
Oleg Goryachevsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Snow Loads ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment

The article compares the requirements for calculating the snow load on the coatings of buildings and structures in accordance with the regulations of technically developed countries and associations – Russia, the European Union, Canada and the United States. It was revealed that in these norms the general approaches, the subtleties of calculating the coefficients, the set of standard coatings and the schemes of the form coefficient proposed for them differ significantly. This situation reflects the general problem of determining snow loads – at the moment there is no recognized unified scientifically grounded approach to determining snow loads on coatings of even the simplest form. The difference in the normative schemes of snow loads is clearly demonstrated by the example of a three-level roof.

The Impact of the Changing World Order on the Situation of Central and Eastern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Gracjan Cimek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Changing World

This article presents the impact of the changing world order on the situation of Central and Eastern Europe, paying particular attention to Poland. It looks at the geopolitical and economic conditions during the regional superpower rivalry between the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union within the emerging multipolar order, which is manifested in the 17 + 1 format and the Three Seas Initiative. Poland, trying to get out of the peripheral status resulting from the neoliberal shock doctrine, is currently losing its ability to balance between China and the United States, is antagonizing Russia in the process, and weakening ties within the European Union. Changing its peripheral dependence requires a reevaluation of its stance toward Eurasian integration and its openness to China.

scholarly journals Na ile innowacyjny jest eksport usług z Polski?

2017 ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Czarny ◽  
 Andżelika Kuźnar ◽  
Katarzyna Śledziewska 
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industry Analysis ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
The Eu

We analyse Polish export of services, examining how innovative it is. We examine both the changes in the size of Polish exports of services as well as the importance of branches and geographical directions. We stress the relatively small economic and, consequently, export potential of Poland, as compared to the EU and the USA. At the same time, similar potentials of the EU and the USA, and different geographic distances and characteristics of their connections with Poland were the reason for comparing Poland's exports to both partners. To analyse Poland's total export of services, we add to the two previously mentioned trade partners a third group, which consists of relatively less developed countries. Consequently, the recipients of services from Poland are divided into the European Union, the United States and other trading partners defined as non-EU markets minus the USA. Due to absence of data and limited research framework, we limit the overall analysis to the years 2004-2013, while the detailed (industry) analysis to the years 2004-2012. In either case, the last year of the survey is also the last year for which annual Eurostat data is available.

How Should Standards Be Set and Met?: On the Allocation of Regulatory Power in a Federal System

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-Y. Cynthia Lin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal System ◽  
State Governments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Structure ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Incomplete Contracting

Abstract Regulation often takes the form of a standard that can be met through the implementation of any of a number of different policies. This paper examines how the authority to set the standard and the authority to choose the combination of policies to meet the standard should be allocated between a central government and local governments. In the context of the United States, for example, should standards regarding such public goods as the environment or education be set and implemented by the federal government, by individual state governments, or by both? Because decisions about setting and/or meeting the standard can be non-contractible, an incomplete contracting approach is used. A central finding is that "conjoint federalism" (the central government sets the standard while the local governments meet the standard), which is the regulatory structure often used in federations such as the United States and the European Union, can be the least efficient form, while a reverse form of delegation, in which local governments choose their own individual standards which the central government then decides how to collectively meet, can be the most efficient.

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