FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ACCESS TO BANK LOANS IN TANZANIA: A DOUBLE-HURDLE MODEL APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AURORA A. C. TEIXEIRA ◽  
HALIMA ABDI SHARIFU
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Business Skills ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Double Hurdle

The present study assesses the perceptions of female entrepreneurs in Tanzania regarding the access to bank loans and the difficulties experienced in the process of financing their businesses. Focusing on small-scale businesses, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 75 female entrepreneurs from the Dar es Salaam area. Resorting to double-hurdle estimation models, we conclude that: 1) women who perceive higher discrimination and/or inequality in accessing bank loans, but who also recognize that female entrepreneurs often lack relevant business skills, tend to apply more often for bank loans; 2) women running larger business, operating in the tailoring industry, face fewer difficulties; 3) although highly educated female entrepreneurs apply less for bank loans, formal education acts as a shield to the difficulties faced by women when applying to bank loans; 4) more autonomous and money seeking female entrepreneurs are less likely to report difficulties during the bank loan application process.

scholarly journals The Impact of Covid-19 on Small-Scale Women Entrepreneurs In Sri K. Lanka: A Qualitative Study of the Matara Area (SK Town and Meddawatta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-44
Author(s):  
N. S. Ariyarathne ◽  
K. H. Lakmali
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Purposive Sample

COVID-19 has impacted people across the world regardless of geographical boundaries, gender, age, and economic status. However, women have become disproportionately more vulnerable. To explore women entrepreneurs’ experiences, the difficulties they face, and the strategies they employ for the survival of their businesses, this study selected Matara district as one of the most famous coastal areas of the southern province, and Sk Town and Meddawatta as the most popular tourist destinations of this district. This qualitative research employed a purposive sample of 15 females. Data collection for this research was mainly done through interviews (face-to-face, telephone, and WhatsApp calls), participants’ observations, and cyber ethnography. All of the participants, though not hit by the virus, have been impacted by COVID-19 related social and economic problems. Although all the participants suffered loss of income, surprisingly, the pandemic led some women to focus on exploring new income-generating activities. The research shows, as narrated by the respondents, that small- and medium-scale female entrepreneurs have not received adequate attention or help for the amelioration of their plight from government-led welfare activities, including bank loan payment extensions.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VENTURE FINANCING: A STUDY AMONG CANADIAN AND US ENTREPRENEURS

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950014 ◽  
Author(s):  
YVES ROBICHAUD ◽  
JEAN-CHARLES CACHON ◽  
EGBERT McGRAW
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Motivations ◽  
Economic Contribution

Entrepreneurship contributes significantly to economic growth and female entrepreneurs are strongly involved because their economic contribution is steadily increasing. However, research also reveals that female entrepreneurs face more financial barriers when compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, it is of prime importance to understand better female entrepreneurs’ behavior regarding financing. The purpose of this research was to explore gender differences related to financing with an intention to uncover why such differences exist. An empirical study involving a sample of 946 entrepreneurs from Canada and the United States was conducted to examine the issue. Results revealed that female entrepreneurs start their ventures with less capital than males, have a lesser tendency than males to obtain a bank loan and have a perception of being more in debt than their male counterparts are. Moreover, both variables depicting the smaller size of female-owned ventures and the intrinsic motivations expressed by female entrepreneurs acted as explanatory factors for the lower proportion of bank loans in the case of female-owned venture startups.

Discretionary Accruals in Italian Private Firms and Non-Linear Bank Loan Granting

2017 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Mafrolla ◽  
Viola Nobili
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Discretionary Accruals ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
European Banking Union

This paper investigates whether and at what extent private firms reduce the quality of their accruals in order to signal a better portrait to the bank and obtain new or larger bank loans. We measure earnings discretionary accruals of a sample of Italian private firms, testing whether new and larger bank loans are associated with a higher (lower) quality of earnings in borrowers' financial reporting. We study bank loan levels and changes and how they impact discretionary accruals and found that, surprisingly, private firms' discretionary accruals are systematically positively affected by an increase in bank loans, although they are negatively affected by the credit worthiness rating assigned to the borrowers. We find that the monitoring role of the banking system with regard to the adoption of discretionary accruals is effective only when the loan is very large. This paper may have implications for policy-makers as it contributes to the understanding of the shortcomings of the banking regulatory system. This is an extremely relevant issue since the excessive amount of non-performing loans held by Italian banks recently threatened the stability of the European Banking Union as a whole.

scholarly journals Only the brave: improving self-rationing efficiency among discouraged Swiss SMEs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reto Wernli ◽  
Andreas Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
The Self ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Discouraged Borrowers ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractWe conduct a survey among 1922 Swiss SMEs to analyze their access to bank loans. Credit-constrained SMEs are six times more likely to be discouraged than rejected. The most dominant reasons for being discouraged are too high collateral requirements, cumbersome application procedure, and the expectation of being turned down. Through a unique feature in the Swiss banking market, we also find new evidence for the importance of a strong firm–bank relationship. We challenge the assumption that discouraged borrowers are very similar to rejected borrowers. Our results indicate that the group of discouraged borrowers is more similar to the denied borrowers than to the group of approved borrowers, but only with respect to firm characteristics. For variables describing business development and firm–bank relationship, discouraged SMEs have less in common with credit-constrained firms than with their unconstrained counterparts. Even with a conservative prediction, about 60% of the discouraged firms would have obtained a bank loan if they had applied for one. The self-rationing mechanism observed is thus rather inefficient, and banks and policy makers should think about how to foster SMEs’ courage to apply for the bank loans they need.

Determinants of commercial bank loan and advance disbursement: the case of private Ethiopian commercial banks

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tekeste Birhanu ◽  
Sewunet Bosho Deressa ◽  
Hossein Azadi ◽  
Ants-Hannes Viira ◽  
Steven Van Passel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Portfolio Investment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lending Rate

PurposeThis paper aimed to investigate the determinants of loans and advances from commercial banks in the case of Ethiopian private commercial banks.Design/methodology/approachThe study randomly selected seven commercial banks to represent the population stratified on their asset, deposit and paid-up capital amounts. The study utilized an unbalanced panel data model as each bank started operation at a different period of time and considered the period 1995–2016 for secondary details.FindingsThe findings showed that the deposit size, credit risk, portfolio investment, average lending rate, real gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation rate had significant and optimistic effects on the lending and advancement of private commercial banks. On the contrary, liquidity ratio had significant and negative effects on private commercial bank loans and advances. Finally, the study forwarded a feasible recommendation for concerned organs to focus on deposit size, credit risk, portfolio investment, average lending rate, real GDP, inflation rate and liquidity ratio. The results of this study will help banking industry policymakers and planners understand how to minimize inflation and unemployment by improving development and sustainable economic growth.Originality/valueThe findings of this study can also affect the general attitudes of a society by increasing knowledge and improve the quality of life for the general public.

scholarly journals Nursing Informatics Certification

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Pia Liljamo ◽  
Outi Ahonen ◽  
Anna Suutarla ◽  
Kaija Saranto
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nursing Informatics ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Certification System ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Further Development

Since 2012 nursing specialty certificate in Nursing Informatics (NI) have been available for members of the Finnish Nurses Association (FNA). The applicant must be a RN and a member of FNA. The evaluation is based on a portfolio which the applicant must draw up as a proof of the accomplishments in her/his post-degree career in three categories: work experience, formal education and cooperation and developmental activities relating nursing informatics specialty.  Awarding criteria will be updated in the spring 2017 to meet the other criteria of professional cooperative organizations, as well as nursing informatics and information technology in today's nursing content. Nursing informatics specialty certificate have been awarded to five nurse. This article aims to introduce the certification system as well as to tell experiences of nurses with the NI specialty certificate, their experiences of the application process, effects on duties and ideas for further development of the certificate system.

scholarly journals Which companies find it easier to obtain bank loans? Evidence from China

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Ruan ◽  
Erwei Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Chinese Listed Companies ◽  
Loan Financing

The study investigates the determinants of bank loan financing of Chinese listed companies from 1996 to 2009. The empirical results suggest that the channels through which companies obtain bank loans are different. Companies controlled by the state can more easily obtain loans from state-owned commercial banks and policy banks, while privately controlled companies have significantly larger access to loans from foreign banks. The empirical results also show that political connectedness and institutional development are the significant determinants of the bank loan financing of private companies. If companies locate in an area with higher level of institutional development, the proportion of their loans from state-owned banks is smaller than that of companies locate in areas with lower level of institutional development

scholarly journals The relational navigator: a pedagogical reframing of widening educational participation for care-experienced young people

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Jane Burke ◽  
Claire Cameron ◽  
Emily Fuller ◽  
Katie Hollingworth
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Widening Participation ◽  
Post Secondary Education ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Transitional Processes ◽  
Justice Theories ◽  
Pedagogical Relationship ◽  
Deficit Discourses

Young people in state care not only lose support, usually at 18 years of age, but also experience unequal participation in post-secondary education. This has raised concern about the importance of widening participation (WP) for care-experienced young people (CEYP). However, CEYP are often institutionally stigmatised and this could be worsened by WP interventions that are framed by deficit discourses. Weaving together social pedagogies and social justice theories, the article aims to reframe WP away from deficit discourses through recognition of the systemic, structural and cultural inequalities that most CEYP must navigate to access formal education. We introduce the concept of the relational navigator, in which a pedagogical relationship enables the navigator to ‘pilot’ through complex systems and transitional processes in collaboration with, and through ‘walking alongside’, the CEYP with respect to their lived contexts and experiences. This article draws from the reflections of WP navigators situated in two small-scale WP projects, one in an English museum and the other in an Australian university. Our analysis of the reflections of the WP project navigators is offered as a preliminary exploration of the potential the relational navigator as a way to shift deficit discourses and work towards a reframing of WP through a social pedagogical perspective.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE FASHION DRAWING (ILLUSTRATION) LESSON TEACHING PROGRAM UNDER THE LIGHT OF LECTURERS’ AND STUDENTS’ OPINIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (60) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Art Education ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Fashion Design ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Dimensional Plane ◽  
Figure Drawing

While clothing is produced and consumed rapidly, it strives to create appropriate forms and to create appropriate identities by giving correct messages; therefore, it is one of the most important fields requiring art and design education. The fashion design student, who forms the infrastructure with basic art education and figure drawing, not only transfers the imagination to the two-dimensional plane with the fashion drawing lesson but also transfers it to the two-dimensional plane; at the same time, he takes art and design education, which is aesthetic education, and feeds his visual vision and mind. In this research, the Fashion Drawing Lesson has been examined in detail in terms of determining the place, position, importance, processing and content of the Fashion Drawing Lesson in the official fashion design curriculum and a comprehensive literature search has been conducted; then the matter has been tried to be examined thanks to a link has been established between education, fashion, art and design disciplines. The course syllabus in Turkey and some of fashion design course programs in the world were examined; the experts providing fashion formal education and the students who received fashion formal education were interviewed face-to-face to obtain information first-hand. First of all, the study started by determining the fashion design undergraduate programs in the OSYM (Assessment Selection and Placement Center) placement guide and examining the course hours, course times and course contents of the fashion formal courses in these programs. The researcher visited the designated universities for the purpose of on-site observation and interview, and conducted semi-structured interview questions and face-to-face interviews with experts and students and recorded them. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using content analysis method and the findings were interpreted within the framework of the research questions. The findings were interpreted and discussed, and after the results were written, suggestions about the study were included. As a result, it has been determined that the admission of students to the fashion design program should be made with the combination of central examination system and talent exam suitable for fashion design education. It was seen that the time granted for the program was not sufficient in mean of implementation of the fashion drawing lessons properly in the fashion design education programs. Keywords: Fashion drawing, fashion illustration, design education, fashion design education, art education

scholarly journals La colaboración mediada por tecnología como estrategia para potenciar visitas guiadas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Analía Roxana Dávila
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Technology Centers ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
National University ◽  
Information And Communication

It is proposed to analyze the scope and limitations that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) offer as collaboration mediators; and enhancers of innovative experiences in non-formal education spaces. To this end, it is proposed to implement a methodology mediated by ICTs to promote and achieve greater use of the guided visits to the interactive science and technology centers. The work contemplates, firstly, carrying out a bibliographic inquiry and background review of interactive science and technology centers in different Ibero-American countries and secondly, it is proposed to design a methodology to enhance collaboration mediated by technologies in the framework of visits to centers interactives and then apply this methodology to a particular case study to measure its impact. The experience will take place at the Open Science and Technology Interactive Center (CICyT) of the National University of Lanús and proposes, through a specific intervention, comparatively analyzing 3 types of guided visits: a) traditional in-person visit format, b) visit face-to-face with instance of collaboration activities without the use of technology, c) interaction mediated by ICTs prior to the visit, face-to-face visit with use of ICTs, and instance of interaction mediated by ICTs after the visit, which will then be contrasted with the antecedents and theoretical studies found in the bibliography.

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