scholarly journals New Regionalism Reshaping the Future of Globalization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Wang Yuzhu
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
New Regionalism ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Critical Technology ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
Belt And Road

The new regionalism distinguishes itself from the old one that it has emerged from, amid new circumstances and is catalyzed by new impetus. Its appearance shows that the free-market economy is being challenged and that the market mechanism of resource allocation has again been taken over by political game. The United States and some major Western powers are attempting to secure their hegemony by minimizing spillover of critical technology and industry within controllable regions which would accelerate technological growth by creating effective market space. The battle over technology and industry is becoming the mainstream paradigm of major-country competition, which is being intensified by nation states’ concern over industrial security, techno-nationalism, and major-power politics — three main drivers of the new regionalism. While supporting globalization unswervingly, China has inevitably been affected by this widespread protectionism and is also embarking on the path of regional development. New regionalism could also provide another perspective to investigate the post-pandemic role of the Belt and Road Initiative and “dual circulation” strategy of China in order to consider the prospects of globalization.

Oil and the Future of Great Power Politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Kelanic
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
The Future ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Great Power Politics ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Belt And Road

This concluding chapter explores the implications of the theory for great power politics as China continues to rise in the twenty-first century. If significant quantities of Persian Gulf oil could be realistically transported overland, away from U.S. naval interference, then the future threat to Chinese imports would remain low. Combined with a petroleum deficit that is likely to be large, Chinese coercive vulnerability could be held to a moderate level. Moderate coercive vulnerability should induce China to pursue indirect control as it emerges as a great power. Thus, the theory predicts that China is likely to eventually forge alliances with major oil-producing countries and transit states to keep oil in “friendly hands.” As yet, China is too militarily weak to shield friendly oil-producing states from interference by the United States or other potential rivals, but the beginnings of an alliance-based strategy appear to be taking shape under the auspices of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), described by some analysts as a nascent framework for twenty-first-century Chinese grand strategy.

The EU's Policies of Security of Energy Supply Towards the Middle East and Caspian Region: Major Power Politics?

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 485-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femke Hoogeveen ◽  
Wilbur Perlot
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
The Eu

AbstractVast reserves of fossil fuels make the Greater Middle East (GME) region the centre of attention in terms of security of supply considerations of all major energy-consuming countries, most notably of the United States (US), China, India, and of the European Union (EU). Although energy security is on the EU's agenda, the supranational nature of the EU inhibits it to pursue an external energy security policy in the same way as other consuming countries. Its power, mandate, and in many ways preparedness to execute a common foreign policy towards the GME, let alone as specific as a common foreign energy strategy, are limited. This article seeks to answer the questions of what role the EU wants to play in the GME region in relation to objectives of energy security, what role it can play in this respect, and whether the EU's Middle East politics can be regarded as major power politics.

EVOLUTION OF THE USA HEALTHCARE: EFFECTIVENESS, SAFETY, QUALITY AND ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-234
Author(s):  
V.N. MINAT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
The Usa

The relevance of the study of the evolution of the socially significant sphere of the United States of America, located at the point of bifurcation of socio-economic development, one way or another concerns the entire global community. The main aim of the study is to identify trends in the evolution of American health care in terms of ensuring the effectiveness, safety, quality and accessibility of medical services. Its achievement is based on the traditional methodological basis of statistical and economic analysis of the average annual growth of the main indicators of the development of American health care during the formation of its modern organizational-functional structure in 1951-2020. The results obtained reflect the general direction of the evolution of the USA health care as a haphazard complex mechanism functioning in direct resonance with socio-economic cyclicality. Identified trends in the evolution of healthcare in the context of the extraordinary commercialization of medicine and insurance dependence of patients on market conditions. Analysis of long-term development indicators of the USA health care dynamics reveals rather low results of permanent reforms of national health care due to the adjustment of their parameters and indicators to the existing concept of free market relations in the relevant market of medical goods and services. The limitation of the market mechanism in the use of potential resources of American health care, which is generally provided with both financial and innovative and technological potential, is revealed.

scholarly journals A Modern History of the Kurds, 3d rev. ed.

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Othman Ali
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of

This extensive survey of the Kurds’ history is divided into five sections:“The Kurds in the Age of Tribe and Empire,” “Incorporating the Kurds,”“Ethno-nationalism in Iran,” “Ethno-nationalism in Iraq,” and “Ethnonationalismin Turkey.” An introduction on Kurdish identity and social formation, as well as four appendices discussing the Treaty of Sèvres and theKurds of Syria, Lebanon, and Caucasia, are also included. David McDowall,a noted British specialist on Middle Eastern minority affairs and anacknowledged expert on Kurdish studies, has extensively revised the 1996second edition of his book. He provides an analysis of recent Kurdish eventsand a more up-to-date bibliography at the end of each section.This highly detailed history begins in the nineteenth century and ends inthe present day. The author discusses the interplay of the old and new facetsof Kurdish politics: local rivalries within Kurdish society; the enduringauthority of the traditional leadership represented by sheikhs and aghas; thefailure of modern nation states to respond to the challenge of Kurdishnationalism; and the use of Kurdish groups as pawns by major western powersand regional states in the region’s power politics. His methodology is primarilypolitical-historical in nature; however, anthropological and socialanalysis are not totally lacking.As presented by McDowall, a close scrutiny of modern Kurdish historyreveals striking continuities. For example, one pattern has characterizedKurdish-Iraqi relations since 1958: Each Iraqi government pursued peacenegotiations with the Kurds at first, only to fight them when it felt secureabout its rule. This pattern is also found in Iran’s relations with its Kurds.Turkey, however, has pursued a policy that seeks to assimilate and, at times,even ethnically cleanse its Kurdish population.There is also continuity in the major powers’ manipulation of the“Kurdish card” in Iraq. McDowall writes that in 1976, the SelectIntelligence Committee of the House of Representatives reported to theHouse that neither Iran nor the United States would like to see the civil wargoing on in Iraq at that time resolved in a way that would give the Kurds aclear win. Twenty years later, in 1991, the United States implemented a similarpolicy with the Kurds’ so-called “exclusionary zone’’ in northern Iraq.Fearing the consequences likely to follow Saddam Hussein’s overthrow – inparticular, the dismemberment of Iraq and wider regional instability – theUnited States refused to give the Kurds sufficient aid to enable them toestablish an independent homeland ...

E-Auctioning by The U. S. Federal Communications Commission

2011 ◽  
pp. 2508-2517
Author(s):  
Trevor R. Roycroft
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Federal Communications Commission ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
The U.S

Market economies rest on a foundation of the private ownership of resources. Certain resources, however, have been managed outside of the market mechanism, even in the United States’ decidedly pro-free-market economy. The management of radio frequencies, or spectrum, is a prime example of government control of a valuable resource. Spectrum management is practiced by governments around the globe, and the experience of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) provides a valuable illustration of how management of this resource may be improved through the use of electronic resources.

E-Auctioning by The U. S. Federal Communications Commission

2011 ◽  
pp. 422-430
Author(s):  
T. R. Roycroft
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Federal Communications Commission ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
The U.S

Market economies rest on a foundation of the private ownership of resources. Certain resources, however, have been managed outside of the market mechanism, even in the United States’ decidedly pro-free-market economy. The management of radio frequencies, or spectrum, is a prime example of government control of a valuable resource. Spectrum management is practiced by governments around the globe, and the experience of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) provides a valuable illustration of how management of this resource may be improved through the use of electronic resources.

The Formative Years of the American Society of International Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic L. Kirgis
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peace Movement ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
American Values ◽  
Nation States ◽  
American Society

The United States at the dawn of the twentieth century was just beginning to comprehend the influence it could have on the international scene. It had no desire to become involved in the European power politics that had produced, in the lifetimes of many Americans then living, the Crimean War, the Franco-Prussian War and the essentially European Boer War in South Africa. Nevertheless, a distinct strain of expansionism could be found in American foreign policy. The belief was stirring in those concerned to establish a nonviolent world order that the interaction of nation-states would benefit from exposure to American values, American economic dynamism and the lessons to be drawn from the American federal experience. This belief, combined with a deep aversion to what was seen as essentially a European proclivity for settling disputes by resort to war, motivated some of the more influential participants in the American peace movement. That movement, in turn, gave birth to the American Society of International Law.

The 1970s

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
American Society

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.

After Victory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Ikenberry
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
World Order ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
The Cold War

The end of the Cold War was a “big bang” reminiscent of earlier moments after major wars, such as the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the end of the world wars in 1919 and 1945. But what do states that win wars do with their newfound power, and how do they use it to build order? This book examines postwar settlements in modern history, arguing that powerful countries do seek to build stable and cooperative relations, but the type of order that emerges hinges on their ability to make commitments and restrain power. The book explains that only with the spread of democracy in the twentieth century and the innovative use of international institutions—both linked to the emergence of the United States as a world power—has order been created that goes beyond balance of power politics to exhibit “constitutional” characteristics. Blending comparative politics with international relations, and history with theory, the book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the organization of world order, the role of institutions in world politics, and the lessons of past postwar settlements for today.

The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
External Powers

This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

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