Economic design of ground investigations for planning

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Cripps ◽  
P. B. Attewell ◽  
J. P. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Expected Loss ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Geotechnical Information ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost

AbtractPlanning the development of an urban area is a complex operation in which many disparate objectives and constraints must be reconciled. An attempt is usually made to achieve particular aims at minimum cost. If geological and geotechnical factors are considered in isolation, then a particular structure will cost least to build in locations offering the most favourable ground conditions. Unfortunately, seldom is suitable geological and geotechnical information available at this early stage of development.The paper outlines a mechanism whereby reduction in the uncertainty about the ground conditions, achieved by carrying out site investigations work, may be related, through the application of simple probability theory, to a consequent expected loss caused by construction or maintenance. Thus in planning decisions a financial optimum can be identified in which the cost implications of ground investigations, construction and maintenance can be taken into account.

Loss Circulation Prevention during Drilling Operation - Risk Analysis Approach and its Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Emeka Emmanuel Okoro ◽  
Ikechukwu S. Okafor ◽  
Kevin C. Igwilo ◽  
Kale B. Orodu ◽  
Adewale Dosunmu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Expected Loss ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
Expected Opportunity Loss ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Risk

Drilling engineers and operators are stuck with challenges associated with loss circulation of drilling fluids in wellbores during drilling operation. At such times, a clear and careful decision is required in order to minimize cost or save resources that would have been lost in the bid to remedy the situation. This then informs the need to deploy reliable tools that will inform useful decisions as drawn from a thorough risk-analysis coined from the information gathered from the formation characteristics and operating pressure. In this study, a real-time statistic based approach was adopted in carrying out risk-evaluation of loss circulation events in a wellbore. Based on the expected opportunity loss analysis, it is often non-negotiable to consider other options when the analytical solution suggests that the well should be “abandoned”. For the decision tree, at the decision node, D1, the expected loss of the seal off zone option is $161.25, the expected loss of the drill ahead option is $19.2 and the expected loss of the abandon option is $13.2. Since the expected loss of the abandon option is less than the expected value of both the seal off and the drill ahead option, it is recommended to abandon the well. Furthermore, the risk analysis proved to be a veritable tool considering the cost implications of other options; and can also serve as basis for automated decision-making.

scholarly journals Cost Modelling from the Contractor Perspective: Application to Residential and Office Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pereira Monteiro ◽  
Vitor Sousa ◽  
Inês Meireles ◽  
Carlos Oliveira Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The Cost

For the majority of the contractual arrangements used in construction projects, the owner is not responsible for the cost deviations due to the variability of labor productivity or material price, amongst many other aspects. Consequently, the cost performance of a project may be entirely distinct for the owner and the contractor. Since the majority of the quantitative research on cost estimation and deviation found in the literature adopts the owners’ perspective, this research provides a contribution towards modelling costs and cost deviation from a contractors’ perspective. From an initial sample of 13 residential building and 10 office building projects, it was possible to develop models for cost estimation at the early stage of development including both endogenous and exogenous variables. Although the sample is relatively small, the authors were able to fully analyze all the cost data, using no secondary sources of data (very frequent in cost modelling studies). The statistically significant variables in the cost estimation models were the areas above and below ground and the years following the 2008 financial crisis, including the international bailout (2011-2014) period. For estimating the unit cost, a nonlinear model was obtained with the number of underground and total floor, the floor ratio and the years following the 2008 financial crisis, including the international bailout (2011-2014) period as predictors. For the office buildings, it was also found a statistically significant correlation between the cost deviation and the number of underground floors.

scholarly journals Aspects of geology in planning

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Bell ◽  
J. C. Cripps ◽  
M. G. Culshaw ◽  
M. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Cost Implications

AbstractThe planning of man’s environment is a complex operation which requires the interaction of many disciplines. Generally speaking, the physical development of society occurs by the implementation of a series of separate, but converging, aims which may be expressed in terms of, for instance, improvements to living conditions, public health or mobility. A development plan usually attempts to achieve these aims at minimum financial cost while reconciling many conflicting influences.So far as the use of land is concerned, since some land is inherently more suitable for some purposes than for others, there are clear cost implications in implementing a particular development plan and savings may be possible if the ground conditions are considered at an early stage. However, problems often arise with quantifying this cost due to a lack of appreciation of all the effects of a plan, including unexpected and undesirable ones.Since many natural systems pose threats to society, they should be taken into account during planning. The monetary costs may be less tangible, but security of life, disruption to production and destruction of property all reduce the well-being of society. Whether the causative hazards are the result of either planned or unplanned changes to the environment, or due to natural processes, they can only be successfully predicted or avoided if their mode of interaction with human activities is understood.In this paper the opportunity is taken to explore some of the more important geological factors which may significantly influence the planned use of land. Both natural and man-made geological hazards are considered. In addition, attention is given to the sources and interpretation of geological information in the context of planning.

Parallel-route Systems for Supersonic Traffic

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-360
Author(s):  
V. W. Attwooll
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Supersonic Transport ◽  
Traffic System ◽  
The North ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Traffic Systems ◽  
The Cost

This is the third article of a series of three describing the methods developed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment for costing the effect of air traffic control deviations in long range systems. The first two discussed the general principles of costing and their application to the current and future systems for subsonic aircraft over the North Atlantic. The present paper considers systems for the S.S.T.The characteristics and mode of operation of the supersonic transport are untested, and it will operate at an altitude for which information is relatively scanty. This means that the results obtained for the cost penalties in a supersonic traffic system must be regarded as tentative. On the other hand, because we are considering traffic systems for aircraft at such an early stage of development, the situation can be analysed in a more fundamental way, with particular emphasis on the effect of the system on the aircraft design.

scholarly journals A molecular protocol for Early Sex Discrimination (ESD) in Actinidia spp

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
G. De Mori ◽  
R. Testolin ◽  
G. Cipriani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Actinidia Spp ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Polymorphic Nature

Dioecism and an extended juvenile phase of 3–7 years in kiwifruit hinder the progress in breeding new cultivars. The identification of fruit-bearing females at an early stage of growth is crucial for breeders. Consequently, molecular markers have become a key tool for identifying female and male plants at an early stage of development. Several efforts were made to identify PCR-based sex linked markers in Actinidia; however, those markers are characterized by a highly polymorphic nature affecting the result of the screening reliability, suggesting the need of more suitable, stable markers, characterized by a consistent transferability among genotypes and species. The main goal of this work was to develop a method for the ultimate discrimination of females from male plants at an early stage of growth using sex-linked markers. We developed an Early Sex Discrimination molecular Test (ESD Test) that allows the discrimination of male and female plants using a simple PCR amplification test. We demonstrate that the test could unequivocally identify the gender of an unknown sample both in the most commercially important species A. chinensis and in further 13 Actinidia species tested with the exception of Actinidia latifolia, where markers fail in gender discrimination. Male genotypes could be easily identified and discarded reducing the cost of a breeding program.

scholarly journals The Optimization Model of Composite Material UAV Shooting Flight Routes

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 698-717
Author(s):  
Ting Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Simulation Test ◽  
Data Simulation ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Global Optimal ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Parent Node

UAV is one of the important achievements of scientific and technological innovation, which has been widely used in various fields of life in recent years. UAVs of composite materials are the most popular because the composite itself has designability, and can be optimized according to the strength and stiffness of the aircraft without changing the structural weight. In order to ensure the UAV to carry out more accurate image acquisition under the actual ground conditions, through the analysis of decision variables, this paper uses the linear weighting of image shooting range and pixel accuracy to establish the objective function, and establishes the optimal shooting angle under different constraints Considering the actual motion characteristics of objects such as automobiles, this paper assumes that the tracked ground targets are a class of motion objects with non-integrity constraints when the flight altitude of UAV is fixed and the flight speed is constant. The ground target model and the flight dynamics nonlinear model are established. This paper presents a new RRT* algorithm for path planning based on the obstacles encountered by UAV during flight, that is, using the cost function to select the node with the minimum cost in the field of expanding nodes as the parent node, using the MATLAB to select a reasonable obstacle avoidance strategy, the global optimal route is obtained by smoothing processing, and the data simulation test is carried out. The experimental results show that the model is robust.

A generalized fuzzy cost efficiency model

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1791
Author(s):  
Nazila Aghayi ◽  
Samira Salehpour
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
Production Possibility Set ◽  
Fuzzy Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generalized Cost

The concept of cost efficiency has become tremendously popular in data envelopment analysis (DEA) as it serves to assess a decision-making unit (DMU) in terms of producing minimum-cost outputs. A large variety of precise and imprecise models have been put forward to measure cost efficiency for the DMUs which have a role in constructing the production possibility set; yet, there’s not an extensive literature on the cost efficiency (CE) measurement for sample DMUs (SDMUs). In an effort to remedy the shortcomings of current models, herein is introduced a generalized cost efficiency model that is capable of operating in a fuzzy environment-involving different types of fuzzy numbers-while preserving the Farrell’s decomposition of cost efficiency. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first to measure cost efficiency by using vectors. Ultimately, a useful example is provided to confirm the applicability of the proposed methods.

The Application of UX Research in New Energy Vehicle Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.

Evaluation Of The Functional Of Space-Planning Arrangement Of A Building

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shopping Centers ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Cost

The article focuses on the problem of the lack of objective evaluation of space-planning arrangement of buildings as a creative approach of the architect to the performing of functional tasks by the object. It is proposed to create a methodology for assessing the functional of space-planning solutions of buildings on the basis of numerical simulation of functional processes using the theory of human flows. There is a description of the prospects of using this method, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of compactness, materials and works saving, more efficient use of space, reduce the cost of the life cycle of the building, save human forces and time to implement the functional of the building. The necessary initial data for modeling on the example of shopping and shopping-entertainment centers are considered. There are three main tasks for algorithmization of the functional of shopping centers. The conclusion is made about necessity of development of a method for objective assessment of buildings from the point of view of ergonomics of space-planning decisions based on the study of human behavior in buildings of different purposes.

Main approaches to estimating the cost of shareholder equity of oil and gas producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-697
Author(s):  
O.V. Shimko
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The study analyzes generally accepted approaches to assessing the value of companies on the basis of financial statement data of ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKOIL, and others, for 1999—2018. Objectives. The aim is to determine the specifics of using the methods of cost, DFC, and comparative approaches to assessing the value of share capital of oil and gas companies. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and generalization of materials of scientific articles and official annual reports on the results of financial and economic activities of the largest public oil and gas corporations. Results. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, I identified advantages and disadvantages of standard approaches to assessing the value of oil and gas producers. Conclusions. The paper describes pros and cons of the said approaches. For instance, the cost approach is acceptable for assessing the minimum cost of small companies in the industry. The DFC-based approach complicates the reliability of medium-term forecasts for oil prices due to fluctuations in oil prices inherent in the industry, on which the net profit and free cash flow of companies depend to a large extent. The comparative approach enables to quickly determine the range of possible value of the corporation based on transactions data and current market situation.

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