scholarly journals A molecular protocol for Early Sex Discrimination (ESD) in Actinidia spp

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
G. De Mori ◽  
R. Testolin ◽  
G. Cipriani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Actinidia Spp ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Polymorphic Nature

Dioecism and an extended juvenile phase of 3–7 years in kiwifruit hinder the progress in breeding new cultivars. The identification of fruit-bearing females at an early stage of growth is crucial for breeders. Consequently, molecular markers have become a key tool for identifying female and male plants at an early stage of development. Several efforts were made to identify PCR-based sex linked markers in Actinidia; however, those markers are characterized by a highly polymorphic nature affecting the result of the screening reliability, suggesting the need of more suitable, stable markers, characterized by a consistent transferability among genotypes and species. The main goal of this work was to develop a method for the ultimate discrimination of females from male plants at an early stage of growth using sex-linked markers. We developed an Early Sex Discrimination molecular Test (ESD Test) that allows the discrimination of male and female plants using a simple PCR amplification test. We demonstrate that the test could unequivocally identify the gender of an unknown sample both in the most commercially important species A. chinensis and in further 13 Actinidia species tested with the exception of Actinidia latifolia, where markers fail in gender discrimination. Male genotypes could be easily identified and discarded reducing the cost of a breeding program.

scholarly journals Cost Modelling from the Contractor Perspective: Application to Residential and Office Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pereira Monteiro ◽  
Vitor Sousa ◽  
Inês Meireles ◽  
Carlos Oliveira Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The Cost

For the majority of the contractual arrangements used in construction projects, the owner is not responsible for the cost deviations due to the variability of labor productivity or material price, amongst many other aspects. Consequently, the cost performance of a project may be entirely distinct for the owner and the contractor. Since the majority of the quantitative research on cost estimation and deviation found in the literature adopts the owners’ perspective, this research provides a contribution towards modelling costs and cost deviation from a contractors’ perspective. From an initial sample of 13 residential building and 10 office building projects, it was possible to develop models for cost estimation at the early stage of development including both endogenous and exogenous variables. Although the sample is relatively small, the authors were able to fully analyze all the cost data, using no secondary sources of data (very frequent in cost modelling studies). The statistically significant variables in the cost estimation models were the areas above and below ground and the years following the 2008 financial crisis, including the international bailout (2011-2014) period. For estimating the unit cost, a nonlinear model was obtained with the number of underground and total floor, the floor ratio and the years following the 2008 financial crisis, including the international bailout (2011-2014) period as predictors. For the office buildings, it was also found a statistically significant correlation between the cost deviation and the number of underground floors.

Economic design of ground investigations for planning

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Cripps ◽  
P. B. Attewell ◽  
J. P. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Expected Loss ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Geotechnical Information ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost

AbtractPlanning the development of an urban area is a complex operation in which many disparate objectives and constraints must be reconciled. An attempt is usually made to achieve particular aims at minimum cost. If geological and geotechnical factors are considered in isolation, then a particular structure will cost least to build in locations offering the most favourable ground conditions. Unfortunately, seldom is suitable geological and geotechnical information available at this early stage of development.The paper outlines a mechanism whereby reduction in the uncertainty about the ground conditions, achieved by carrying out site investigations work, may be related, through the application of simple probability theory, to a consequent expected loss caused by construction or maintenance. Thus in planning decisions a financial optimum can be identified in which the cost implications of ground investigations, construction and maintenance can be taken into account.

Parallel-route Systems for Supersonic Traffic

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-360
Author(s):  
V. W. Attwooll
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Supersonic Transport ◽  
Traffic System ◽  
The North ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Traffic Systems ◽  
The Cost

This is the third article of a series of three describing the methods developed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment for costing the effect of air traffic control deviations in long range systems. The first two discussed the general principles of costing and their application to the current and future systems for subsonic aircraft over the North Atlantic. The present paper considers systems for the S.S.T.The characteristics and mode of operation of the supersonic transport are untested, and it will operate at an altitude for which information is relatively scanty. This means that the results obtained for the cost penalties in a supersonic traffic system must be regarded as tentative. On the other hand, because we are considering traffic systems for aircraft at such an early stage of development, the situation can be analysed in a more fundamental way, with particular emphasis on the effect of the system on the aircraft design.

The Application of UX Research in New Energy Vehicle Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.

Insights into Transdermal Drug Delivery: Approaches for Redressal of a Burgeoning Issue of Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1682-1695
Author(s):  
Foziyah Zakir ◽  
Kanchan Kohli ◽  
Farhan J. Ahmad ◽  
Zeenat Iqbal ◽  
Adil Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Cost

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that remains unnoticed until a fracture occurs. It is more predominant in the older age population, particularly in females due to reduced estrogen levels and ultimately limited calcium absorption. The cost burden of treating osteoporotic fractures is too high, therefore, primary focus should be treatment at an early stage. Most of the marketed drugs are available as oral delivery dosage forms. The complications, as well as patient non-compliance, limit the use of oral therapy for prolonged drug delivery. Transdermal delivery systems seem to be a promising approach for the delivery of anti-osteoporotic active moieties. One of the confronting barriers is the passage of drugs through the SC layers followed by penetration to deeper dermal layers. The review focuses on how anti-osteoporotic drugs can be molded through different approaches so that they can be exploited for the skin to systemic delivery. Insights into the various challenges in transdermal delivery and how the novel delivery system can be used to overcome these have also been detailed.

scholarly journals Learning health systems in primary care: a systematic scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Nash ◽  
Zohra Bhimani ◽  
Jennifer Rayner ◽  
Merrick Zwarenstein
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Integrated Health ◽  
Google Search

Abstract Background Learning health systems have been gaining traction over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to understand the spread of learning health systems in primary care, including where they have been implemented, how they are operating, and potential challenges and solutions. Methods We completed a scoping review by systematically searching OVID Medline®, Embase®, IEEE Xplore®, and reviewing specific journals from 2007 to 2020. We also completed a Google search to identify gray literature. Results We reviewed 1924 articles through our database search and 51 articles from other sources, from which we identified 21 unique learning health systems based on 62 data sources. Only one of these learning health systems was implemented exclusively in a primary care setting, where all others were integrated health systems or networks that also included other care settings. Eighteen of the 21 were in the United States. Examples of how these learning health systems were being used included real-time clinical surveillance, quality improvement initiatives, pragmatic trials at the point of care, and decision support. Many challenges and potential solutions were identified regarding data, sustainability, promoting a learning culture, prioritization processes, involvement of community, and balancing quality improvement versus research. Conclusions We identified 21 learning health systems, which all appear at an early stage of development, and only one was primary care only. We summarized and provided examples of integrated health systems and data networks that can be considered early models in the growing global movement to advance learning health systems in primary care.

scholarly journals Open Research Data and Open Peer Review: Perceptions of a Medical and Health Sciences Community in Greece

Publications ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Eirini Delikoura ◽  
Dimitrios Kouis
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
To Receive

Recently significant initiatives have been launched for the dissemination of Open Access as part of the Open Science movement. Nevertheless, two other major pillars of Open Science such as Open Research Data (ORD) and Open Peer Review (OPR) are still in an early stage of development among the communities of researchers and stakeholders. The present study sought to unveil the perceptions of a medical and health sciences community about these issues. Through the investigation of researchers` attitudes, valuable conclusions can be drawn, especially in the field of medicine and health sciences, where an explosive growth of scientific publishing exists. A quantitative survey was conducted based on a structured questionnaire, with 179 valid responses. The participants in the survey agreed with the Open Peer Review principles. However, they ignored basic terms like FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) and appeared incentivized to permit the exploitation of their data. Regarding Open Peer Review (OPR), participants expressed their agreement, implying their support for a trustworthy evaluation system. Conclusively, researchers need to receive proper training for both Open Research Data principles and Open Peer Review processes which combined with a reformed evaluation system will enable them to take full advantage of the opportunities that arise from the new scholarly publishing and communication landscape.

scholarly journals Primary Care Networks and Starfield’s 4Cs: A Case for Enhanced Chronic Disease Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2926
Author(s):  
Chuan De Foo ◽  
Shilpa Surendran ◽  
Geronimo Jimenez ◽  
John Pastor Ansah ◽  
David Bruce Matchar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Facilitators And Barriers ◽  
Design Options ◽  
First Contact

The primary care network (PCN) was implemented as a healthcare delivery model which organises private general practitioners (GPs) into groups and furnished with a certain level of resources for chronic disease management. A secondary qualitative analysis was conducted with data from an earlier study exploring facilitators and barriers GPs enrolled in PCN’s face in chronic disease management. The objective of this study is to map features of PCN to Starfield’s “4Cs” framework. The “4Cs” of primary care—comprehensiveness, first contact access, coordination and continuity—offer high-quality design options for chronic disease management. Interview transcripts of GPs (n = 30) from the original study were purposefully selected. Provision of ancillary services, manpower, a chronic disease registry and extended operating hours of GP practices demonstrated PCN’s empowering features that fulfil the “4Cs”. On the contrary, operational challenges such as the lack of an integrated electronic medical record and disproportionate GP payment structures limit PCNs from maximising the “4Cs”. However, the enabling features mentioned above outweighs the shortfalls in all important aspects of delivering optimal chronic disease care. Therefore, even though PCN is in its early stage of development, it has shown to be well poised to steer GPs towards enhanced chronic disease management.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Concept Design of Locally Reinforced Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7246
Author(s):  
Julius Moritz Berges ◽  
Georg Jacobs ◽  
Sebastian Stein ◽  
Jonathan Sprehe
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Parameter Study ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Cost Weight ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
The Cost

Locally load-optimized fiber-based composites, the so-called tailored textiles (TT), offer the potential to reduce weight and cost compared to conventional fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP). However, the design of TT has a higher complexity compared to FRP. Current approaches, focusing on solving this complexity for multiple objectives (cost, weight, stiffness), require great effort and calculation time, which makes them unsuitable for serial applications. Therefore, in this paper, an approach for the efficient creation of simplified TT concept designs is presented. By combining simplified models for structural design and cost estimation, the most promising concepts, regarding the cost, weight, and stiffness of TT parts, can be identified. By performing a parameter study, the cost, weight, and stiffness optima of a sample part compared to a conventional FRP component can be determined. The cost and weight were reduced by 30% for the same stiffness. Applying this approach at an early stage of product development reduces the initial complexity of the subsequent detailed engineering design, e.g., by applying methods from the state of the art.

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