The impact of base-salt relief on salt flow and suprasalt deformation patterns at the autochthonous, paraautochthonous and allochthonous level: insights from physical models

2018 ◽  
pp. SP476.13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Dooley ◽  
Michael R. Hudec ◽  
Leonardo M. Pichel ◽  
Martin P. A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Models ◽  
Base Salt ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Salt Flow

scholarly journals The effects of base-salt relief on salt flow and suprasalt deformation patterns — Part 1: Flow across simple steps in the base of salt

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. SD1-SD23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Dooley ◽  
Michael R. Hudec ◽  
Dan Carruthers ◽  
Martin P. A. Jackson ◽  
G. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Structural Domains ◽  
Passive Margins ◽  
Campos Basin ◽  
Fold Belts ◽  
Base Salt ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
Salt Flow ◽  
High Block

Passive margins underlain by a salt detachment are typically interpreted as kinematically linked zones of updip extension and downdip contraction separated by a zone of translation above a smoothly dipping base of salt. However, salt flow is affected by the base-of-salt geometry across which it flows, and early-stage gravity gliding induced by basin tilt may be complicated by the presence of salt-thickness changes caused by the pre-existing base-salt relief. We investigate these effects using physical models. Dip-parallel steps generate strike-slip fault zones separating domains of differential downslope translation and structural styles, provided the overburden is thin enough. If the overburden is thicker, it resists breakup, but a change in the structural trend occurs across the step. Steps with mild obliquity to the dip direction produce transtensional and transpressional faults in the cover separating structural domains. Deformation complexity in the overburden increases where base-salt steps strike at a high angle to salt flow, and it is especially dependent on the ratio between the thick ([Formula: see text]) and thin ([Formula: see text]) salt across the step at the base of salt. Where the salt-thickness ratio ([Formula: see text]) is high, basal drag generates major flux mismatches, resulting in a contractional thickening of the salt and associated overburden shortening in thin salt above a base-salt high block. Shortening is transient and superseded by extension as the salt thickening allows the flow velocity to increase. When transitioning off a base-salt high block into a low block, the greater flux within the thick salt results in a monocline with extensional and contractional hinges. Structures are further deformed as they translate through these hinge zones. Our physical models demonstrate that extensional diapirs and compressional fold belts can be initiated anywhere on a slope as the salt accelerates and decelerates across base-salt relief. A fold belt from the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, is used to illustrate these processes.

scholarly journals The effects of base-salt relief on salt flow and suprasalt deformation patterns — Part 2: Application to the eastern Gulf of Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. SD25-SD38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Dooley ◽  
Michael R. Hudec
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Complex Salt ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Eastern Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Fold Belts ◽  
Base Salt ◽  
Salt Flow

In the eastern Gulf of Mexico, the pattern of early stage salt flow is complicated by basement topography consisting of a series of plunging arches that trend obliquely to the early flow direction. Seismic lines downdip of the Florida Middle Ground Arch reveal a puzzling array of structures. Sections trending roughly north–south (parallel to the regional dip) document predominantly extensional structures; however, east–west sections reveal shortening structures. Both sets of structures occur well updip of the downdip salt pinchout. We designed a physical-modeling study to investigate these puzzling relationships. Models presented in Part 1 of this paper indicate that localized shortening and extension can occur as salt passes over simple base-salt steps. Physical models were run with complex salt isopachs featuring plunging arches oblique to dip and salt flow. Models reveal the formation of shortening belts as the salt and its thin prekinematic overburden are translated across the arches. The complex salt isopachs deflect salt flow to produce convergent and divergent flow, which, along with flow-velocity gradients, results in the rotation of early formed thrust belts. Rotations of up to 70° were recorded in the most complex model, resulting in transported fold belts with trends that were close to dip parallel, similar to those observed on seismic data from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Additional zones of shortening are found in and around complex salt pinchouts in the updip zones of the gravity-gliding system. The dynamic nature of these salt-related tectonic systems can result in the downdip translation of fold belts far from the basement topography over which they were created.

Peculiarities of tool material wear at polymeric composite blank cutting

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (7) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Юрий Зубарев ◽  
Yuriy Zubarev ◽  
Александр Приемышев ◽  
Alexsandr Priyomyshev
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
Polymeric Composite ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Material Wear

Tool materials used for polymeric composite blank machining, kinds of tool material wear arising at machining these blanks, and also the impact of technological parameters upon tool wear are considered. The obtained results allow estimating the potentialities of physical models at polymeric composite blanks cutting.

scholarly journals Process Modeling and Simulation of Tableting—An Agent-Based Simulation Methodology for Direct Compression

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Niels Lasse Martin ◽  
Ann Kathrin Schomberg ◽  
Jan Henrik Finke ◽  
Tim Gyung-min Abraham ◽  
Arno Kwade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
The Impact

In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the utmost aim is reliably producing high quality products. Simulation approaches allow virtual experiments of processes in the planning phase and the implementation of digital twins in operation. The industrial processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into tablets requires the combination of discrete and continuous sub-processes with complex interdependencies regarding the material structures and characteristics. The API and excipients are mixed, granulated if required, and subsequently tableted. Thereby, the structure as well as the properties of the intermediate and final product are influenced by the raw materials, the parametrized processes and environmental conditions, which are subject to certain fluctuations. In this study, for the first time, an agent-based simulation model is presented, which enables the prediction, tracking, and tracing of resulting structures and properties of the intermediates of an industrial tableting process. Therefore, the methodology for the identification and development of product and process agents in an agent-based simulation is shown. Implemented physical models describe the impact of process parameters on material structures. The tablet production with a pilot scale rotary press is experimentally characterized to provide calibration and validation data. Finally, the simulation results, predicting the final structures, are compared to the experimental data.

Salt thickness and heterogeneity control the degree of coupling between sub- and supra-salt structure during salt-detached translation: evidence from physical models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sian Evans ◽  
Christopher Jackson ◽  
Sylvie Schueller ◽  
Jean-Marie Mengus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Salt Structure ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Base Salt ◽  
Strain Coupling

<p>Salt flows like a fluid over geological timescales and introduces significant structural complexity to the basins in which it is deposited. Salt typically flows seaward due to tilting of the basin margins, and is therefore influenced by the geometry of the surface that it flows across (e.g. fault scarps or folds on the base-salt surface). This can lead to coupling of sub- and supra-salt structures, with the orientation and distribution of base-salt structures reflected in the structure of the overburden. However, precisely what controls the degree of strain coupling during salt-detached translation is still poorly understood, in particular the role played by salt thickness and lithological heterogeneity. This partly reflects the fact that it can be difficult to deconvolve the relative contributions of natural variables such as the magnitude of relief, sediment supply, and regional tectonic regime. In addition, seismic data provide only the present structural configuration of salt basins, from which their formative kinematics must be inferred. If we can develop a better understanding of how sub-salt structure controls the types and patterns of supra-salt deformation, we can produce better kinematic (structural) restorations of salt basins and, therefore, have a better understanding of the related mechanics.</p><p>In order to isolate the influence of salt thickness and heterogeneity on sub- to supra-salt strain coupling during salt-detached horizontal translation, we present a series of physical analogue models with controlled boundary conditions. We use a simple base-salt geometry comprising three oblique base-salt steps, and vary the thickness and composition of the ductile salt analogue in each experiment. X-ray tomography allows us to image the internal structure during model evolution and therefore gain a 4D picture of its structural development.</p><p>Results show that thicker and more homogeneous salt units experience more vertical movement (i.e. minibasin subsidence and diapiric rise) and the overburden structure is less explicitly coupled with the underlying base-salt relief. Conversely, thinner and more heterogeneous salt units restrict vertical movement, and therefore the resulting overburden structure is dominated by lateral movement and more closely coupled to the geometry of the base-salt surface. These results highlight the important role of base-salt relief in the subsequent structural evolution of salt basins and why, despite broad similarities between different salt basins, there is significant variability in their structural styles.</p>

scholarly journals Testing the influence of a sand mica mixture on basin fill in extension and inversion experiments

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINE J.S. GOMES ◽  
TAYNARA D'ANGELO ◽  
GISELA M.S. ALMEIDA
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Fault Propagation ◽  
Peak Shear Stress ◽  
Internal Deformation ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Basin Fill

We compare the deformation patterns produced by sand and a sand mica mixture (14:1 ratio of sand to mica by weight) while simulating basin fill in extension and inversion models to analyze the potential of the sand mica mixture for applications that require a strong elasto-frictional plastic analogue material in physical models. Sand and the sand mica mixture have nearly equal angles of internal friction, but the sand mica mixture deforms at a significantly lower level of peak shear stress. In extension, the sand mica mixture basin fill experiments show fewer normal faults. During inversion, the most striking difference between the sand and the sand mica mixture basin fill experiments is related to the internal deformation in fault-propagation folds, which increases with an increase in the basal friction. We conclude that our strongly elasto-frictional plastic sand mica mixture may be used to simulate folds in experiments that focus on mild inversion in the brittle crust.

Rails Deformation Pattern in Frontal Impact

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hassan ◽  
Guy Nusholtz ◽  
Ke Ding
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Real World ◽  
Stress Waves ◽  
Stress Wave Propagation ◽  
Deformation Pattern ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Rigid Barrier ◽  
Final Deformation ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
The Impact

During a vehicle crash stress waves can be generated at the impact point and propagate through the vehicle structure. The generation of these waves is dependent, in general, on the crash type and, in particular, on the impact contact characteristics. This has consequences with respect to different crash barrier interfaces for vehicle evaluation. The two barriers most commonly used to evaluate the response of a vehicle in a frontal impact are the rigid barrier and the offset deformable barrier. They constitute different crash modes, full frontal and offset. Consequently it would be expected that there are different deformation patterns between the two. However, an additional possible contributor to the difference is that an impact into a rigid barrier generates waves of significantly greater stress than impacts with the deformable one. If stress waves are a significant component of real world final deformation patterns then, the choice of barrier interface and its effective stiffness is critical. To evaluate this conjecture, models of two types of rails each undergoing two different types of impacts, are analyzed using an explicit dynamic finite element code. Results show that the energy perturbation along the rail depends on the barrier type and that the early phase of wave propagation has very little effect on the final deformation pattern. This implies that in the real world conditions, the stress wave propagation along the rail has very little effect on the final deformed shape of the rail.

An Initial Investigation on the Potential Applicability of Non-Destructive Methods to Assessing Joint Condition in Prefabricated Structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 489-492
Author(s):  
Monika Manychova ◽  
Ondřej Fuciman ◽  
Lubos Pazdera
Keyword(s):  
Physical Models ◽  
Impact Echo ◽  
Joint Condition ◽  
Load Models ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Foundation Base ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Stress States ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

Prefabricated structures have brought quite a new quality into the design of building construction method, which in turn required deeper theoretical knowledge, replacing empirical approaches by theory, replacing idealized and often simplified models of structure behaviour by accurate material physical models and load models. High rigidity of prefabricated concrete structures and the resulting stress states, which are mainly due to the volume change effects (temperature, humidity), effects of the foundation base shape variations etc., are among the most frequent causes of failures, particularly of joints of building elements featuring insufficient yield and bearing capacity. Investigation of all prefabricated building types shows progressing joint armature corrosion, considerable impairment of welds, which should secure the positional reliability of façade slabs.The paper presents some results of our experimental study of the application potential of the impact-echo method to the non-destructive assessment of the present joint condition in prefabricated structures.

scholarly journals Surface Roughness Investigation of Poly-Jet 3D Printing

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1758
Author(s):  
Nectarios Vidakis ◽  
Markos Petousis ◽  
Nikolaos Vaxevanidis ◽  
John Kechagias
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Feed Forward Back Propagation ◽  
The Impact

An experimental investigation of the surface quality of the Poly-Jet 3D printing (PJ-3DP) process is presented. PJ-3DP is an additive manufacturing process, which uses jetted photopolymer droplets, which are immediately cured with ultraviolet lamps, to build physical models, layer-by-layer. This method is fast and accurate due to the mechanism it uses for the deposition of layers as well as the 16 microns of layer thickness used. Τo characterize the surface quality of PJ-3DP printed parts, an experiment was designed and the results were analyzed to identify the impact of the deposition angle and blade mechanism motion onto the surface roughness. First, linear regression models were extracted for the prediction of surface quality parameters, such as the average surface roughness (Ra) and the total height of the profile (Rt) in the X and Y directions. Then, a Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBP-NN) was proposed for increasing the prediction performance of the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rt. These two models were compared with the reported ones in the literature; it was revealed that both performed better, leading to more accurate surface roughness predictions, whilst the NN model resulted in the best predictions, in particular for the Ra parameter.

scholarly journals On Bridging A Modeling Scale Gap: Mesoscale to Microscale Coupling for Wind Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 2533-2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Ellen Haupt ◽  
Branko Kosovic ◽  
William Shaw ◽  
Larry K. Berg ◽  
Matthew Churchfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Coupled Modeling ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Microscale Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nonstationary Conditions

Abstract Accurately representing flow across the mesoscale to the microscale is a persistent roadblock for completing realistic microscale simulations. The science challenges that must be addressed to coupling at these scales include the following: 1) What is necessary to capture the variability of the mesoscale flow, and how do we avoid generating spurious rolls within the terra incognita between the scales? 2) Which methods effectively couple the mesoscale to the microscale and capture the correct nonstationary features at the microscale? 3) What are the best methods to initialize turbulence at the microscale? 4) What is the best way to handle the surface-layer parameterizations consistently at the mesoscale and the microscale? 5) How do we assess the impact of improvements in each of these aspects and quantify the uncertainty in the simulations? The U.S. Department of Energy Mesoscale-to-Microscale-Coupling project seeks to develop, verify, and validate physical models and modeling techniques that bridge the most important atmospheric scales determining wind plant performance and reliability, which impacts many meteorological applications. The approach begins with choosing case days that are interesting for wind energy for which there are observational data for validation. The team has focused on modeling nonstationary conditions for both flat and complex terrain. This paper describes the approaches taken to answer the science challenges, culminating in recommendations for best approaches for coupled modeling.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document