scholarly journals Autonomic regulation of the immune system in cardiovascular diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
François M. Abboud ◽  
Madhu V. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Neurohumoral System

The autonomic nervous system is a powerful regulator of circulatory adjustments to acute hemodynamic stresses. Here we focus on new concepts that emphasize the chronic influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on cardiovascular pathology. The autonomic neurohumoral system can dramatically influence morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease through newly discovered influences on the innate and adaptive immune systems. Specifically, the end-organ damage in heart failure or hypertension may be worsened or alleviated by pro- or anti-inflammatory pathways of the immune system, respectively, that are activated through neurohumoral transmitters. These concepts provide a major new perspective on potentially life-saving therapeutic interventions in the deadliest of diseases.

scholarly journals The Immune System as Drug Target

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. III.S12145
Author(s):  
Darren R. Flower
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Human Immunity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

The immune system is perhaps the largest yet most diffuse and distributed somatic system in vertebrates. It plays vital roles in fighting infection and in the homeostatic control of chronic disease. As such, the immune system in both pathological and healthy states is a prime target for therapeutic interventions by drugs–-both small-molecule and biologic. Comprising both the innate and adaptive immune systems, human immunity is awash with potential unexploited molecular targets. Key examples include the pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system and the major histocompatibility complex of the adaptive immune system. Moreover, the immune system is also the source of many current and, hopefully, future drugs, of which the prime example is the monoclonal antibody, the most exciting and profitable type of present-day drug moiety. This brief review explores the identity and synergies of the hierarchy of drug targets represented by the human immune system, with particular emphasis on the emerging paradigm of systems pharmacology.

Vitamin D and COVID-19: Insight on Mechanism and Implementation in Equatorial Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Indah Bachti Setyarini ◽  
Nurul Ratna ◽  
Ninik Mudjihartini
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, affecting millions of people worldwide due to its ease of transmission. Despite limited information on effective therapeutic options, vitamin D has been regularly reported to exert beneficial immunomodulatory effects affecting both innate and adaptive immune systems. As it is synthesized in the skin under ultraviolet radiation, population living in equatorial countries are presumed to have adequate vitamin D, however several studies have shown otherwise. This article is aimed to give an insight on the different mechanisms by which vitamin D affects our immune system in COVID-19, as well as discussing correlation of having sunlight all year round by being near the equator towards vitamin D adequacy.

Neuroimmunology for the Non-Immunologist

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-20
Author(s):  
Bibiana Bielekova
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Immune Synapse ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Autoimmune Phenomena

The chapter begins with a short introduction to the components of the immune system, outlining both the innate and adaptive components. It discusses the role of the immune system in protecting against infections and abnormal tissues. It describes the concepts of self-antigens, antigen presentation, and immune synapse. It then examines immune tolerance and the differing functions and capacities of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Finally, the chapter considers infections and autoimmune phenomena and how the immune system responds to these challenges.

scholarly journals Quorum sensing controls thePseudomonas aeruginosaCRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system

2016 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina M. Høyland-Kroghsbo ◽  
Jon Paczkowski ◽  
Sampriti Mukherjee ◽  
Jenny Broniewski ◽  
Edze Westra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Quorum Sensing Inhibitors ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

CRISPR-Cas are prokaryotic adaptive immune systems that provide protection against bacteriophage (phage) and other parasites. Little is known about how CRISPR-Cas systems are regulated, preventing prediction of phage dynamics in nature and manipulation of phage resistance in clinical settings. Here, we show that the bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosaPA14 uses the cell–cell communication process, called quorum sensing, to activatecasgene expression, to increase CRISPR-Cas targeting of foreign DNA, and to promote CRISPR adaptation, all at high cell density. This regulatory mechanism ensures maximum CRISPR-Cas function when bacterial populations are at highest risk for phage infection. We demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas activity and acquisition of resistance can be modulated by administration of pro- and antiquorum-sensing compounds. We propose that quorum-sensing inhibitors could be used to suppress the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system to enhance medical applications, including phage therapies.

scholarly journals The Role of the Immune System in Huntington’s Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisa Ellrichmann ◽  
Christiane Reick ◽  
Carsten Saft ◽  
Ralf A. Linker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cag Repeats ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Migration Of Macrophages

Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by a progressive course of disease until death 15–20 years after the first symptoms occur and is caused by a mutation with expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (htt) protein. Mutant htt (mhtt) in the striatum is assumed to be the main reason for neurodegeneration. Knowledge about pathophysiology has rapidly improved discussing influences of excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, free radicals, and inflammatory mechanisms. Both innate and adaptive immune systems may play an important role in HD. Activation of microglia with expression of proinflammatory cytokines, impaired migration of macrophages, and deposition of complement factors in the striatum indicate an activation of the innate immune system. As part of the adaptive immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) prime T-cell responses secreting inflammatory mediators. In HD, DCs may contain mhtt which brings the adaptive immune system into the focus of interest. These data underline an increasing interest in the peripheral immune system for pathomechanisms of HD. It is still unclear if neuroinflammation is a reactive process or if there is an active influence on disease progression. Further understanding the influence of inflammation in HD using mouse models may open various avenues for promising therapeutic approaches aiming at slowing disease progression or forestalling onset of disease.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the cooperative behaviours of anti-CRISPR phages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Chevallereau ◽  
Sean Meaden ◽  
Olivier Fradet ◽  
Mariann Landsberger ◽  
Alice Maestri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Natural Communities

Many bacteria encode CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; CRISPR-associated) adaptive immune systems to protect themselves against their viruses (phages)1. To overcome resistance, phages have evolved anti-CRISPR proteins (Acr), which naturally vary in their potency to suppress the host immune system and avoid phage extinction2,3,4,5. However, these Acr-phages need to cooperate in order to overcome CRISPR-based resistance4,5: while many initial infections by Acr-phages are unsuccessful, they nonetheless lead to the production of Acr proteins, which generate immunosuppressed cells that can be successfully exploited by other Acr-phages in the population4,5. Here we test the prediction that phages lacking acr genes (Acr-negative phages) may exploit this cooperative behaviour6. We demonstrate that Acr-negative phages can indeed benefit from the presence of Acr-positive phages during pairwise competitions, but the extent of this exploitation depends on the potency of the Acr protein. Specifically, “strong” Acr proteins are more exploitable and benefit both phage types, whereas “weak” Acr proteins predominantly benefit Acr-positive phages only and therefore provide a greater fitness advantage during competition with Acr-negative phages. This work further helps to explain what defines the strength of an Acr protein, how selection acts on different Acr types in a phage community context, and how this can shape the dynamics of phage populations in natural communities.

Immune system physiology in anaesthetic practice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen F. Galley ◽  
Heather M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System Physiology ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Immune System Physiology

The immune system provides protection against invading pathogens, foreign cells including tumour cells, and macromolecules. It comprises an early, non-specific, innate immune response and a later, specific, adaptive immune response that helps prevent disease or recurrence of disease. Innate and adaptive immune systems work together with mutual interactivity distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self components’ to provide effective immune responses and prevent infection. This chapter describes the basic processes involved in immune responses and illustrates the particular relevance for some disease processes as well as highlighting stresses associated with anaesthesia and surgery that can modulate responses.

The olfactory system: the remote-sensing arm of the immune system

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ian Tizard ◽  
Loren Skow
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Abstract Odors may be pleasant or unpleasant and in practice, pleasant odors are attractive while unpleasant odors are repellent. However, an odor that is noxious to one species may be attractive to another. Plants, predators, and pathogens may enhance their transmission by manipulating these signals. This may be especially significant when odors attract arthropod disease vectors. Odor detection may also be important in small prey species for evasion of macropredators such as large carnivores. Conversely, pleasant odors may identify family members, parents, or sexual partners. They may also generate signals of good health or fitness and contribute to the process of mate selection. In this review, we seek to integrate these odor-driven processes into a coherent pattern of behaviors that serve to complement the innate and adaptive immune systems. It may be considered the ‘behavioral immune system’.

scholarly journals Overview of Bovine Dendritic Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Kratochvílová ◽  
Petr Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Bone Marrow Derived Cells ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

This article is an overview of dendritic cells (DCs) in cattle. The understanding of the immune system and the role of DCs in many ways can contribute to their use in the prevention and treatment of many infectious and autoimmune diseases. DCs are bone marrow-derived cells that function as professional antigen presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The morphology of DCs results in a very large surface to volume ratio. That is, the DCs have a very large surface area compared to the overall cell volume. Currently, most dendritic cells research occurs in the human and mice. There is a lack of studies in cattle describing DCs. DCs survey the body and collect information relevant to the immune system. They are then able to instruct and direct the adaptive arms to respond to challenges.

scholarly journals Controlling TIME: How MNK Kinases Function to Shape Tumor Immunity

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2096
Author(s):  
Thao N.D. Pham ◽  
Christina Spaulding ◽  
Hidayatullah G. Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

A number of studies have clearly established the oncogenic role for MAPK-interacting protein kinases (MNK) in human malignancies. Modulation of MNK activity affects translation of mRNAs involved in cancer development, progression, and resistance to therapies. As a result, there are ongoing efforts to develop and evaluate MNK inhibitors for cancer treatment. However, it is important to recognize that MNK activity also plays an important role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems. A better understanding of the role of MNK kinases and MNK-mediated signals in regulating the immune system could help mitigate undesired side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy of MNK inhibitors. Here, we provide a systematic review on the function of MNK kinases and their substrates in immune cells.

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