Neuroimmunology for the Non-Immunologist

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-20
Author(s):  
Bibiana Bielekova
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Immune Synapse ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Autoimmune Phenomena

The chapter begins with a short introduction to the components of the immune system, outlining both the innate and adaptive components. It discusses the role of the immune system in protecting against infections and abnormal tissues. It describes the concepts of self-antigens, antigen presentation, and immune synapse. It then examines immune tolerance and the differing functions and capacities of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Finally, the chapter considers infections and autoimmune phenomena and how the immune system responds to these challenges.

scholarly journals Controlling TIME: How MNK Kinases Function to Shape Tumor Immunity

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2096
Author(s):  
Thao N.D. Pham ◽  
Christina Spaulding ◽  
Hidayatullah G. Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

A number of studies have clearly established the oncogenic role for MAPK-interacting protein kinases (MNK) in human malignancies. Modulation of MNK activity affects translation of mRNAs involved in cancer development, progression, and resistance to therapies. As a result, there are ongoing efforts to develop and evaluate MNK inhibitors for cancer treatment. However, it is important to recognize that MNK activity also plays an important role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems. A better understanding of the role of MNK kinases and MNK-mediated signals in regulating the immune system could help mitigate undesired side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy of MNK inhibitors. Here, we provide a systematic review on the function of MNK kinases and their substrates in immune cells.

scholarly journals Powering the Immune System: Mitochondria in Immune Function and Deficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Walker ◽  
Stefano Volpi ◽  
Katherine B. Sims ◽  
Jolan E. Walter ◽  
Elisabetta Traggiai
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Subcellular Organelles ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Review Current

Mitochondria are critical subcellular organelles that are required for several metabolic processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, as well as signaling and tissue-specific processes. Current understanding of the role of mitochondria in both the innate and adaptive immune systems is expanding. Concurrently, immunodeficiencies arising from perturbation of mitochondrial elements are increasingly recognized. Recent observations of immune dysfunction and increased incidence of infection in patients with primary mitochondrial disorders further support an important role for mitochondria in the proper function of the immune system. Here we review current findings.

Vitamin D and COVID-19: Insight on Mechanism and Implementation in Equatorial Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Indah Bachti Setyarini ◽  
Nurul Ratna ◽  
Ninik Mudjihartini
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, affecting millions of people worldwide due to its ease of transmission. Despite limited information on effective therapeutic options, vitamin D has been regularly reported to exert beneficial immunomodulatory effects affecting both innate and adaptive immune systems. As it is synthesized in the skin under ultraviolet radiation, population living in equatorial countries are presumed to have adequate vitamin D, however several studies have shown otherwise. This article is aimed to give an insight on the different mechanisms by which vitamin D affects our immune system in COVID-19, as well as discussing correlation of having sunlight all year round by being near the equator towards vitamin D adequacy.

Protective and anti-inflammatory effects of acetylcholine in the heart

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cibele Rocha-Resende ◽  
Aristobolo Mendes da Silva ◽  
Marco A. M. Prado ◽  
Silvia Guatimosim
Keyword(s):  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cardiac Diseases ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Cardiac Inflammation ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

The innate and adaptive immune systems play an important role in the development of cardiac diseases. Therefore, it has become critical to identify molecules that can modulate inflammation in the injured heart. In this regard, activation of the cholinergic system in animal models of heart disease has been shown to exert protective actions that include immunomodulation of cardiac inflammation. In this mini-review, we briefly present our current understanding on the cardiac cellular sources of acetylcholine (ACh) (neuronal versus nonneuronal), followed by a discussion on its contribution to the regulation of inflammatory cells. Although the mechanism behind ACh-mediated protection still remains to be fully elucidated, the beneficial immunomodulatory role of the cholinergic signaling emerges as a potential key regulator of cardiac inflammation.

scholarly journals The Role of the Immune System in Huntington’s Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisa Ellrichmann ◽  
Christiane Reick ◽  
Carsten Saft ◽  
Ralf A. Linker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cag Repeats ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Migration Of Macrophages

Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by a progressive course of disease until death 15–20 years after the first symptoms occur and is caused by a mutation with expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (htt) protein. Mutant htt (mhtt) in the striatum is assumed to be the main reason for neurodegeneration. Knowledge about pathophysiology has rapidly improved discussing influences of excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, free radicals, and inflammatory mechanisms. Both innate and adaptive immune systems may play an important role in HD. Activation of microglia with expression of proinflammatory cytokines, impaired migration of macrophages, and deposition of complement factors in the striatum indicate an activation of the innate immune system. As part of the adaptive immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) prime T-cell responses secreting inflammatory mediators. In HD, DCs may contain mhtt which brings the adaptive immune system into the focus of interest. These data underline an increasing interest in the peripheral immune system for pathomechanisms of HD. It is still unclear if neuroinflammation is a reactive process or if there is an active influence on disease progression. Further understanding the influence of inflammation in HD using mouse models may open various avenues for promising therapeutic approaches aiming at slowing disease progression or forestalling onset of disease.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Dampening Arthritis Progression

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Contreras ◽  
F. E. Figueroa ◽  
F. Djouad ◽  
P. Luz-Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that are able to immunomodulate cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune systems promoting an anti-inflammatory environment. During the last decade, MSCs have been intensively studiedin vitroandin vivoin experimental animal model of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Based on these studies, MSCs are currently widely used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) characterized by complex deregulation of the immune systems. However, the therapeutic properties of MSCs in arthritis are still controverted. These controversies might be due to the diversity of MSC sources and isolation protocols used, the time, the route and dose of MSC administration, the variety of the mechanisms involved in the MSCs suppressive effects, and the complexity of arthritis pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the role of the interactions between MSCs and the different immune cells associated with arthritis pathogenesis and the possible means described in the literature that could enhance MSCs therapeutic potential counteracting arthritis development and progression.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the cooperative behaviours of anti-CRISPR phages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Chevallereau ◽  
Sean Meaden ◽  
Olivier Fradet ◽  
Mariann Landsberger ◽  
Alice Maestri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Natural Communities

Many bacteria encode CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; CRISPR-associated) adaptive immune systems to protect themselves against their viruses (phages)1. To overcome resistance, phages have evolved anti-CRISPR proteins (Acr), which naturally vary in their potency to suppress the host immune system and avoid phage extinction2,3,4,5. However, these Acr-phages need to cooperate in order to overcome CRISPR-based resistance4,5: while many initial infections by Acr-phages are unsuccessful, they nonetheless lead to the production of Acr proteins, which generate immunosuppressed cells that can be successfully exploited by other Acr-phages in the population4,5. Here we test the prediction that phages lacking acr genes (Acr-negative phages) may exploit this cooperative behaviour6. We demonstrate that Acr-negative phages can indeed benefit from the presence of Acr-positive phages during pairwise competitions, but the extent of this exploitation depends on the potency of the Acr protein. Specifically, “strong” Acr proteins are more exploitable and benefit both phage types, whereas “weak” Acr proteins predominantly benefit Acr-positive phages only and therefore provide a greater fitness advantage during competition with Acr-negative phages. This work further helps to explain what defines the strength of an Acr protein, how selection acts on different Acr types in a phage community context, and how this can shape the dynamics of phage populations in natural communities.

Immune system physiology in anaesthetic practice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen F. Galley ◽  
Heather M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System Physiology ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Immune System Physiology

The immune system provides protection against invading pathogens, foreign cells including tumour cells, and macromolecules. It comprises an early, non-specific, innate immune response and a later, specific, adaptive immune response that helps prevent disease or recurrence of disease. Innate and adaptive immune systems work together with mutual interactivity distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self components’ to provide effective immune responses and prevent infection. This chapter describes the basic processes involved in immune responses and illustrates the particular relevance for some disease processes as well as highlighting stresses associated with anaesthesia and surgery that can modulate responses.

scholarly journals Overview of Bovine Dendritic Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Kratochvílová ◽  
Petr Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Bone Marrow Derived Cells ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

This article is an overview of dendritic cells (DCs) in cattle. The understanding of the immune system and the role of DCs in many ways can contribute to their use in the prevention and treatment of many infectious and autoimmune diseases. DCs are bone marrow-derived cells that function as professional antigen presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The morphology of DCs results in a very large surface to volume ratio. That is, the DCs have a very large surface area compared to the overall cell volume. Currently, most dendritic cells research occurs in the human and mice. There is a lack of studies in cattle describing DCs. DCs survey the body and collect information relevant to the immune system. They are then able to instruct and direct the adaptive arms to respond to challenges.

scholarly journals The Powerful Immune System Against Powerful COVID-19: A Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary ◽  
Hassan Akbari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. Since December 2019, the world has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but the factors affecting the immune system against COVID-19 have not been well described. In this article, we provide a novel hypothesis to describe how an increase in cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can potentially improve the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems to either prevent and fight off COVID-19.

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