Homeostasis and adaptation: pathophysiological aspects of somato-vegetative interaction in ontogenesis

The review presents information on the somatovegetative interaction of blood circulation and respiration from the point of view of the views of Professor Yu.P. Pushkarev. Data are presented that speak of the complexity and complexity of the problem of homeostasis and adaptation, the unresolved many issues that are important for understanding the stability of the internal environment of the body and establishing the limits of the norm. It has been shown that within the neurohumoral system of the body, the interaction of various components of functional systems is constantly carried out, ensuring the conjugation of respiration and blood circulation with the formation of intersystem links. Some aspects of the formation of functions in animals and humans in postnatal ontogenesis are considered. It is emphasized that homeostasis is an internal balance of indicators in the body, but its values are constantly changing due to the center-peripheral integration of functions. It was emphasized that the process of achieving a beneficial adaptive result is characterized by the asymmetry of physiological indicators, and the intersystem interaction ensures the balancing of homeostasis constants in terms of adaptation to environmental conditions. It has been shown that over-threshold environmental influences and homeostasis parameters shift in the body, compensatory-adaptive reactions occur, aimed at maintaining a certain level of stationary state, eliminating or limiting the effect of the harmful factor and optimizing the interaction of the organism and the environment due to the formation of intersystem links. Analyzed the pathophysiological mechanisms of changes in function in certain diseases and stress effects. It is shown that the further study of the somatovegetative interaction in the context of the ideas of Yu.P. Pushkarev will allow revealing the true mechanisms of synchronization of functions in the organism of animals and humans in order to understand its existence as an independent self-regulating system.

Pengaruh Menopause Pada Wanita Umur 45-60 Terhadap Perubahan Body Image di Dusun Kawae Desa Maria Utara Kecamatan Wawo Kabupaten Bima Tahun 2019

Background: Menopause is the cessation of the menstrual cycle mainly due to the inability of the neurohumoral system to maintain its periodic stimulation of the endocrine system, baziad mentions menopause as the last uterine bleeding which is still managed by ovarian hormones. Objective: To determine the effect of menopause on women aged 45-60 to change body image in Kawae Hamlet, Maria Utara Village, Wawo District. Method: The design of this study used a descriptive analytic method with a cross sectional approach where the research was carried out by measuring or observing at the same time or once in a while between the independent variable and the dependent variable with a sample size of 28 respondents. The research instrument used was a questionnaire and analyzed data using the T test with a significant level ( = 0.00). Results: the study showed that respondents with menopause were 28 people (100%) and respondents who experienced a body image change of 19 people (67.9). The results of dialysis data with the T-Test p = 0,000 <value α 0.05 because the value of p = 0,000 <value α = 0.05 then it means that H0 is rejected Ha accepted.Conclusion: There is an effect of menopause on body image changes in women aged 45-60 in Kawae Hamlet, Maria Utara Village, Wawo District.

Immune-inflammatory concept of the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy is common in dogs. This form of cardiomyopathy is the main cause of death due to heart disease in dogs. Death can occur suddenly in clinically normal animals as a result of the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF). The pathogenesis of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy involves activation of the neurohumoral system and immune-mediated inflammation, which leads to further progression of the condition. Heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, apoptosis, remodeling of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, reduced cerebral blood flow, the involvement of other key internal organs, and intestinal dysbiosis. Aim: This study aimed to determine the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms surrounding the development of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were dogs with a dilated form of cardiomyopathy (n=159), complicated by various functional classes of heart failure syndrome. Evaluation of myocardial remodeling, systolic function, and systemic hemodynamics was performed using EMP-860 Vet and PU-2200V ultrasound scanners according to the standard technique. Electrocardiography was performed with all dogs in right lateral recumbency using the EK1T-04 Midas electrocardiograph (50 mm/s speed and 1 mV gain = 1 cm). Results: In some affected animals, especially in cases of compensated dilated cardiomyopathy, leukocytosis was noted. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy complicated by heart failure syndrome of various functional classes, the number of neutrophils was significantly increased, and the number of lymphocytes was decreased by 1.9-2.1 times when compared with those in clinically normal animals. In dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy, neutrophilic leukocytosis develops with a simple regenerative shift to the left. The results of immunological studies indicate that dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy develop T lymphocytopenia as compared with clinically normal animals. Conclusion: The central component of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is the activation of the neurohumoral system and immune-mediated inflammation. The development of CHF in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, apoptosis, remodeling of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, reduced cerebral blood flow, involvement of other key internal organs, and intestinal dysbiosis.

Potential of Sulphur-containing Amino Acids in the Prevention of Catecholamine-induced Arrhythmias

Background: Various physiological and pathological stimuli can hypersensitize the sympathetic nervous system resulting in a substantial release of catecholamines (CA) and consequent alterations in excitation-contraction coupling and excitation-transcription coupling. Observations: It has been shown that oxidation products of CA, rather than CA themselves, are responsible for such adaptation to a new equilibrium. While chronic, sustained accumulation of CA and their toxic products are associated with the depression in cardiac contractile force and remodeling, acute excessive release of CA can result in brief oxidative bursts and serious damage leading in lethal arrhythmias. In response to such oxidative stress, dysregulation of ion homeostasis, activation of neurohumoral system, immune and inflammatory responses, are augmented. These events are inter-related, and as a complex promote electrical instability. Likewise, remodeling occurring after the loss of cardiomyocytes, induces the development of a proarrhythmogenic environment. Thus, CA oxidation products may be involved in triggering arrhythmias as a result of both changes in cardiac cell automaticity and conduction velocity. In contrast, sulphur-containing amino acids (S-AA), in particular taurine and its precursor cysteine have been shown to modulate redox state of the heart. However, the multiple anti-oxidant properties of S-AA are unlikely to be exclusively responsible for their anti-arrhythmic action. They also possess additional cytoprotective effects which can stabilize electrical activity of the heart. Conclusion: It is concluded that specific S-AA may attenuate deleterious effects of supraphysiological levels of CA and this could serve as an important mechanism for the treatment and/or prevention of arrhythmogenesis.

Autonomic regulation of the immune system in cardiovascular diseases

The autonomic nervous system is a powerful regulator of circulatory adjustments to acute hemodynamic stresses. Here we focus on new concepts that emphasize the chronic influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on cardiovascular pathology. The autonomic neurohumoral system can dramatically influence morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease through newly discovered influences on the innate and adaptive immune systems. Specifically, the end-organ damage in heart failure or hypertension may be worsened or alleviated by pro- or anti-inflammatory pathways of the immune system, respectively, that are activated through neurohumoral transmitters. These concepts provide a major new perspective on potentially life-saving therapeutic interventions in the deadliest of diseases.

The Effect of Wenxin Keli on the mRNA Expression Profile of Rabbits with Myocardial Infarction

Aims. The molecular mechanisms of Chinese traditional medicine Wenxin Keli (WXKL) were unknown. This study was aimed at exploring the effects of WXKL on the gene expression profile and pathological alteration of rabbits with myocardial infarction.Methods. Twenty male adult rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham, model, WXKL, and captopril groups. Model, WXKL, and captopril groups underwent the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery while sham group went through an identical procedure without ligation. WXKL (817 mg/kg/d), captopril (8 mg/kg/d), and distilled water (to model and sham groups) were administered orally to each group. After 4 weeks, the rabbits were examined with echocardiography and the hearts were taken for expression chip and pathological staining (H&E, Masson, and Tunel) studies.Results. The data revealed that WXKL downregulated genes associated with inflammation (CX3CR1, MRC1, and FPR1), apoptosis (CTSC and TTC5), and neurohumoral system (ACE and EDN1) and upregulated angiogenesis promoting genes such as RSPO3. Moreover, the results also showed that WXKL improved cardiac function and prevented histopathological injury and apoptosis.Conclusion. The present study demonstrated that WXKL might play an important role in inhibiting inflammation, renin-angiotensin system, and apoptosis. It might be a promising Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction.

The neurohypophysis

The neurohypophysis is a complex neurohumoral system with a key role in body fluid homoeostasis and reproductive function. This chapter will concentrate on the physiology and pathophysiology of the two hormones made by the neurohypophysis, vasopressin and oxytocin, outlining the roles of both hormones together with the molecular, cellular, and anatomical basis of their regulation and function.