Minireview: Effect of the ketogenic diet in excitable tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Murano ◽  
Anna Binda ◽  
Paola Palestini ◽  
Mirko Baruscotti ◽  
Jacopo C DiFrancesco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Single Patient ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extrahepatic Tissues

In the last decade Ketogenic Diet (KD) came to light as a potential treatment for a wide range of diseases, from neurological to metabolic disorders, thanks to a beneficial role mainly related to its anti-inflammatory properties. The high-fat, carbohydrate-restricted regimen causes changes in the metabolism leading, through the β-oxidation of fatty acids, to the hepatic production of ketone bodies (KBs), used by many extrahepatic tissues as energy fuels. Once synthetized, KBs move through the systemic circulation and reach all the tissues of the organism, affecting their functions and playing pleiotropic roles acting directly and indirectly on various targets as ion channels and neurotransmitters. Moreover, they can operate as signalling metabolites and epigenetic modulators. Therefore, it is limiting to consider that the clinical condition of each single patient could improve after a KD regimen based on its localized effects; rather it is more complete to think about how KBs might affect the organism as a whole. In this minireview, we tried to summarize the recent knowledge of the effects of KBs on various tissues, with a particular attention to the excitable ones, namely the nervous system, heart and muscles.

DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker roe regulate lipid metabolic disorders and gut microbiota imbalance on SD rats with a high-fat diet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodan Lu ◽  
Rongbin Zhong ◽  
Ling Hu ◽  
Luyao Huang ◽  
Lijiao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Large Yellow Croaker ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Sd Rats

Abstract Large yellow croaker roe phospholipids (LYCRPLs) has great nutritional value because of containing rich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is a kind of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). In...

scholarly journals Glioblastoma Utilizes Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies for Growth Allowing Progression during Ketogenic Diet Therapy

iScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 101453
Author(s):  
Jantzen Sperry ◽  
Michael C. Condro ◽  
Lea Guo ◽  
Daniel Braas ◽  
Nathan Vanderveer-Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Diet Therapy

scholarly journals Chronic inflammation aggravates metabolic disorders of hepatic fatty acids in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Shan Zhong ◽  
Haiyang Qu ◽  
Yunxia Xie ◽  
Zhennan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat

scholarly journals Crosstalk between the Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: From the Perspective of Gut Microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Fan ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Xueyan Liu ◽  
Junmei Zhang ◽  
Gang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Dietary Therapy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Given the association between a range of neurological disorders and changes in the gut microbiota, interest in the gut microbiota has recently increased. In particular, the significant involvement of the autoimmune processes in the development of epilepsy, one of the most serious and widespread neurological diseases, has led to a suggested link with the gut microbiome. Because the constitution of the gut microbiome can be influenced by diet, dietary therapy has been shown to have a positive impact on a wide range of conditions via alteration of the gut microbiota. An example of one such diet is the ketogenic diet (KD), which promotes a diet that contains high levels of fat, adequate levels of protein, and low levels of carbohydrate. Due to the near-total elimination of carbohydrates from the individual’s food in this ultra-high-fat diet, ketone bodies become an important source of energy. Although the ketogenic diet has proven successful in the treatment of refractory epilepsy and other illnesses, the underlying mechanisms of its neuroprotective effects have yet to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, recent studies strongly indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the effective treatment of epilepsy with the ketogenic diet. The latest advances regarding the links between the ketogenic diet, gut microbiota, and epilepsy are reviewed in this article, with a particular focus on the role of the gut microbiota in the treatment outcome.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diet Enhances the Cholesterol Accumulation in Liver and Augments the Severity of CCl4 and TAA-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2934
Author(s):  
Yi-Jen Liao ◽  
Yuan-Hsi Wang ◽  
Chien-Ying Wu ◽  
Fang-Yu Hsu ◽  
Chia-Ying Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Cholesterol Accumulation ◽  
Fibrosis Progression

Persistent chronic liver diseases increase the scar formation and extracellular matrix accumulation that further progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Nevertheless, there is no antifibrotic therapy to date. The ketogenic diet is composed of high fat, moderate to low-protein, and very low carbohydrate content. It is mainly used in epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the effects of the ketogenic diet on liver fibrosis remains unknown. Through ketogenic diet consumption, β-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc) are two ketone bodies that are mainly produced in the liver. It is reported that bHB and AcAc treatment decreases cancer cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. However, the influence of bHB and AcAc in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the ketogenic diet and ketone bodies in affecting liver fibrosis progression. Our study revealed that feeding a high-fat ketogenic diet increased cholesterol accumulation in the liver, which further enhanced the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. In addition, more severe liver inflammation and the loss of hepatic antioxidant and detoxification ability were also found in ketogenic diet-fed fibrotic mouse groups. However, the treatment with ketone bodies (bHB and AcAc) did not suppress transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced HSC activation, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-triggered proliferation, and the severity of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that feeding a high-fat ketogenic diet may trigger severe steatohepatitis and thereby promote liver fibrosis progression. Since a different ketogenic diet composition may exert different metabolic effects, more evidence is necessary to clarify the effects of a ketogenic diet on disease treatment.

scholarly journals Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Revealed Lipometabolic Disorders in Perirenal Adipose Tissue of Rabbits Subject to a High-fat Diet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqi Xia ◽  
Jiahao Shao ◽  
Mauricio A. Elzo ◽  
Tao Tang ◽  
Yanhong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Untargeted Metabolomics ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Perirenal Adipose Tissue

Abstract Backgroud：High-fat diet (HFD) has been widely recognized as a significant modifiable risk for insulin resistance, inflammation, type 2-diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis and other metabolic diseases. The biological mechanisms responsible for disturbances in perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) and other tissues in rodents fed a HFD are well understood. However, the biological mechanism responsible for key metabolic disorders in PAT of rabbits subject to HFD remains unclear. Methods: Here, untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS) combined with liquid chromatography (LC) and high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) were used to evaluate PAT metabolic changes. Histological observations showed that the adipocytes cells and density of PAT was significantly increased in HFD rabbits. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed noticeable changes in PAT metabolites between the HFD and standard normal diet (SND) rabbit groups. Results: Our study revealed 206 differential metabolites (21 up-regulated and 185 down-regulated), and then the 47 differential metabolites (13 up-regulated and 34 down-regulated), mainly phospholipids, fatty acids, steroid hormones and amino acids, chosen as potential biomarkers to help explain metabolic disorders caused by HFD. These metabolites were mainly associated with biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway, and the platelet activation pathway. Our study revealed that a HFD caused significant metabolic disorders in rabbit PAT. Conclusion: High levels of phospholipids, fatty acids, steroid hormones and l-methionine may inhibit oxygen respiration by increasing the adipocytes cells and density cause mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, produce inflammation, and finally lead to insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of T2D , atherosclerosis, and other metabolic syndromes.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Indications of the Ketogenic Diet: A Integrative Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Natália Cíntia de Oliveira ◽  
Gleice Kelly de Sousa ◽  
Durval Ribas Filho
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Therapeutic Aspect ◽  
Restrictive Diet ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

The ketogenic diet (KD), a restrictive diet, is mainly characterized by high-fat content, low or no carbohydrate content, and low or normal protein content. This review aimed to address the main syndromes or diseases in which the therapeutic use of KD can be beneficial. One of the main clinical indications of KD has been, for some time, in the treatment of epilepsy refractory to the use of medications, with satisfactory results in the control of seizures. Recently, studies have addressed the metabolism of ketone bodies caused by KD, in the adjuvant treatment of tumors and endocrine disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, with promising results. In this work, the therapeutic aspect of KD was analyzed, as an aid in the control of pre-existing diseases, and that being a very restrictive diet with controversial effects, its use may be limited and it is not advisable to maintain it for long periods or without the proper follow-up.

scholarly journals An effective medical replacement therapy: ketogenic diet for intractable childhood epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1234
Author(s):  
Ansh Chaudhary ◽  
Bhupendra Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Restrictive Diet ◽  
Long Chain Triglycerides

Ketogenic diet (KD) a high fat, adequate protein and low carbohydrate restrictive diet has a long history of its use in intractable epilepsy of childhood. The diet produces biochemical changes mimicking that of starvation. The high levels of ketone bodies produced by KD act as a major source of energy for brain replacing the usual glucose.1 Comprising the ratio of 4:1 (fat:carbohydrate and protein) by weight, the diet produces state of ketonemia or ketosis that leads to reduction in frequency of epileptic seizures by is unique mode of action. To increase the palatability medium chain triglycerides (as coconut oil) in ratio of 3:1 is used which is more efficiently absorbed and have lesser gastro intestinal side effects as compared to traditional 4:1 ratio diet with long chain triglycerides like PUFA

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