scholarly journals Early settlers: which E. coli strains do you not want at birth?

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (1) ◽  
pp. G123-G129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Secher ◽  
Camille Brehin ◽  
Eric Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
First Year ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
First Year Of Life

The intestinal microbiota exerts vital biological processes throughout the human lifetime, and imbalances in its composition have been implicated in both health and disease status. Upon birth, the neonatal gut moves from a barely sterile to a massively colonized environment. The development of the intestinal microbiota during the first year of life is characterized by rapid and important changes in microbial composition, diversity, and magnitude. The pioneer bacteria colonizing the postnatal intestinal tract profoundly contribute to the establishment of the host-microbe symbiosis, which is essential for health throughout life. Escherichia coli is one of the first colonizers of the gut after birth. E. coli is a versatile population including harmless commensal, probiotic strains as well as frequently deadly pathogens. The prevalence of the specific phylogenetic B2 group, which encompasses both commensal and extra- or intraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains, is increasing among E. coli strains colonizing infants quickly after birth. Fifty percent of the B2 group strains carry in their genome the pks gene cluster encoding the synthesis of a nonribosomal peptide-polyketide hybrid genotoxin named colibactin. In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental evidence associating the recently emerging neonatal B2 E. coli population with several pathology and discuss how the expression of colibactin by both normal inhabitants of intestinal microflora and virulent strains may darken the borderline between commensalism and pathogenicity.

EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA AMONG INFANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ISOLATION OF A NEW SEROTYPE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI: E. COLI 0127:B8

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Merlin L. Cooper ◽  
Edward W. Walters ◽  
Helen M. Keller ◽  
James M. Sutherland ◽  
Hollis J. Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
First Year Of Life

During an outbreak of epidemic diarrhea a new serotype of Escherichia coli: E. coli 0127:B8, was isolated from 44 of 145 infants and from 1 nurse among 82 adult personnel in attendance. Among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive, 20 were in the first month of life, 16 were 2 to 6 months of age, and 6 were 7 to 12 months of age, a total of 42 being in the first year of life. Severe epidemic diarrhea associated with the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 was characterized by the sudden development of extreme abdominal distention among some of the infants; explosive onset of diarrhea and the presence of a pungent, musty, objectionable odor not noticed around other patients with diarrhea. E. coli 0127: B8 was isolated more frequently while the patients were having diarrhea. Neomycin® was used orally for the specific treatment of patients with diarrhea. The early dosage was small due to our caution in using a new antibiotic. Over the 4 months period of this study the dosage was gradually increased. The average dose was 40 mg./kg./day for the patients with positive cultures and 46 mg./kg./day for those with negative cultures. Of 22 patients with positive cultures, 12 who were treated with Neomycin® alone or in addition to other antibiotics continued to show the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 after Neomycin® therapy had been terminated; however, only 2 of these patients had recurrence of diarrhea, both having had negative cultures while receiving Neomycin®. The administration of Neomycin® to every infant on the 2 wards, regardless of clinical condition, was followed by a decreasing incidence of diarrhea and decreasing detection of E. coli 0127:B8. The dose of Neomycin® was 40 to 50 mg./kg./day. It is our feeling that Neomycin® administered orally was of definite clinical value therapeutically and prophylactically but in the dosage used was inadequate bacteriologically. Four deaths occurred among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive for E. coli 0127:B8 and necropsy studies were made on each. A hemorrhagic enteritis was present in 3 infants and in the fourth infant the cause of death was a congenital heart condition. Death of 1 patient with negative rectal swab cultures may very likely be attributed to severe diarrhea. Sera from patients and personnel failed to show the presence of agglutinins for E. coli 0127:B8. in vitro sensitivity tests showed that the order of decreasing bactericidal effectiveness of 5 antibiotics for E. coli 027:B8 was polymyxin, Neomycin®, chloramphenicol, Achromycin®, and Terramycin®. All strains were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and sodium sulfadiazine. Only the last strains isolated from 2 patients showed increased resistance to Neomycin®, four-and sixteenfold when compared with the first strains isolated from the same patients.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Gut and Beyond

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Vyas ◽  
Natarajan Ranganathan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

The human intestinal tract has been colonized by thousands of species of bacteria during the coevolution of man and microbes. Gut-borne microbes outnumber the total number of body tissue cells by a factor of ten. Recent metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota has revealed the presence of some 3.3 million genes, as compared to the mere 23 thousand genes present in the cells of the tissues in the entire human body. Evidence for various beneficial roles of the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease is expanding rapidly. Perturbation of the intestinal microbiota may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, functional bowel diseases, and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be difficult to accomplish, but the use of probiotics has led to promising results in a large number of well-designed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has spurred a dramatic increase in scientific, industrial, and public interest in probiotics and prebiotics as possible agents for gut microbiota management and control. Genomics and bioinformatics tools may allow us to establish mechanistic relationships among gut microbiota, health status, and the effects of drugs in the individual. This will hopefully provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management.

scholarly journals Maternal Prenatal Microbiome and Infant’s Immune System at the Origins of the Development of Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Enrique Naranjo Logroño ◽  
Leslie Gricel Cuzco Macías ◽  
Alison Tamara Ruiz Chico ◽  
Anthony Alfonso Naranjo Coronel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
First Year ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The human microbiome refers to the presence of microorganisms that live with its host. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the maternal perinatal microbiome and the development of the infant’s immune system, at the origins of the development of health and disease. Methodology: A non-systematic bibliographic review was carried out, including those controlled and randomized clinical trials focused on the relationship of the prenatal maternal microbiome and the infant’s immune system. And all those works whose approach was different from the topic raised were excluded. Discussion: 20 min after birth, the microbiome of newborns by vaginal delivery resembles the microbiota of their mother’s vagina, while those born by caesarean section house microbial communities that are usually found in human skin. The acquisition of the microbiome continues during the first years of life, with a microbiome of the baby’s gastrointestinal tract beginning to resemble that of an adult from the first year of life. Conclusion: Bacteria are microorganisms that have managed to colonize the vast majority of land surfaces, showing great adaptability. The human being is not indifferent, and hypotheses have been raised that affirm his participation in the development of health and the onset of the disease. Keywords: microbiota, inmune system, infant nutritional physiological phenomena. RESUMEN Introducción: El microbioma humano se refiere a la presencia de microorganismos que conviven con su hospedero. Objetivo: Analizar la relación existente entre el microbioma materno perinatal y el desarrollo del sistema inmune del lactante, en los orígenes del desarrollo de la salud y enfermedad. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática, donde se incluyeron aquellos ensayos clínicos controlados y randomizados enfocados en la relación del microbioma materno prenatal y el sistema inmune del lactante. Y se excluyeron todos aquellos trabajos cuyo enfoque fue diferente al tema planteado. Resultados: Se encontraron 61 fuentes bibliográficas, de las cuales se incluyeron 53 artículos que contenían la información relacionada al tema y publicados en los últimos 11 años. Discusión: 20 min después del nacimiento, el microbioma de los recién nacidos por parto vaginal se asemeja a la microbiota de la vagina de su madre, mientras que los nacidos por cesárea albergan comunidades microbianas que generalmente se encuentran en la piel humana. La adquisición del microbioma continúa durante los primeros años de vida, con un el microbioma del tracto gastrointestinal del bebé comienza a parecerse al de un adulto desde el primer año de vida. Conclusiones: Las bacterias, son microorganismos que han logrado colonizar la gran mayoría de las superficies terrestres, mostrando una gran capacidad de adaptación. El ser humano, no es indiferente, y se han planteado hipótesis que aseveran su participación en el desarrollo de la salud e inicio de la enfermedad. Palabras clave: microbiota, sistema inmunológico, fenómenos fisiológicos nutricionales del lactante.

scholarly journals The importance of intestinal microbiota and its role in the nosocomial infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e489101019166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Ferreira da Cruz ◽  
Israel Lucas Antunes Souza ◽  
Larissa Dias de Souza ◽  
Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas Araújo ◽  
Paulo Afonso Granjeiro
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Health And Disease

The gastrointestinal tract houses the largest and most complex community of microorganisms, and this bacterial colonization of the human intestine by environmental microbes begins immediately after the birth. The intestinal microbiota has several important and unique functions, including metabolic functions such as the biotransformation of drugs and the digestion of dietary compounds; a mucosal barrier function by inhibiting the invasion of pathogens and an immunomodulatory function. On the other hand, some commensal bacteria can be pathogenic, causing infections if the natural host is compromised and, in predisposed hosts, the intestinal microbiota can be involved in nosocomial infection. The translocation of bacteria through the intestinal wall is considered one of the main causes of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive view of the human gut microbiota, its main functions, its role in health and disease, addressing the correlation between intestinal microbial composition and nosocomial infections.

COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY OF DETECTION OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI, SALMONELLA AND SHIGELLA IN RECTAL SWAB CULTURES FROM INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
Merlin L. Cooper ◽  
Helen M. Keller ◽  
Edward W. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
First Year ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The present report supplies the details and results of a study of 2,865 patients during a period of 2 years, March 1, 1954, to March 1, 1956. The purpose of the study was to determine the comparative frequency of isolation of Salmonella, Shigella and nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli from rectal swab cultures obtained from infants and young children admitted to the Children's Hospital. The technic for the isolation and identification of enteropathogenic E. coli is described. A diagnostic polyvalent E. coli antiserum prepared in our laboratory was very helpful in the preliminary detection of nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli. Salmonellae were isolated from 85 patients, Shigellae from 88 and one of the nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli from each of 188 patients. Seventeen serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from 85 patients. Salmonella sp. (Type oranienburg) and Sal. typhimurium were isolated most frequently. Shigellae were isolated from a total of 88 patients; Sh. sonnei from 53 and five serotypes of Sh. flexneri from 35 patients. One of the nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli was isolated from each of 188 patients. E. coli 055:B5 was detected in cultures from 63 patients and was detected most frequently. E. coli 0111:B4, 0126:B16 and 026:B6 were found next most frequently. Of the 361 patients from whom Salmonella, Shigella or enteropathogenic E. coli were isolated, rectal swab cultures were obtained at the time of admission from 317. Of these, 287 (91%) were positive. The incidence of diarrhea in the three groups was comparable: 95% of the patients from whom Salmonellae were isolated, 98% of patients from whom Shigellae were isolated and 92% of patients harboring enteropathogenic E. coli. Infections due to Salmonella or enteropathogenic E. coli were more frequent in the first year of life and infections due to Shigella occurred more frequently in the second year of life. The majority of patients with diarrhea and with rectal swab cultures negative for Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli were in the first year of life. The incidence of Salmonella infections did not show any seasonal predominance; the Shigella infections were most frequent in September and October and the enteropathogenic E. coli infections in November and October. The highest incidence of diarrheal infections among patients whose rectal swab cultures were negative for these three groups of bacteria occurred in December and January of each of the 2 years of this study. The incidence of enteropathogenic E. coli infections exceeded those due to Shigella or Salmonella during 15 of the 24 months of this study. Sporadic infections due to these three groups of bacteria occurred throughout the 2-year period. Successive and/or multiple infections with Salmonella, Shigella or enteropathogenic E. coli occurred in 15 paients. Infection with one serotype of enteropathogenic E. coli did not protect seven patients from subsequent infection with another serotype. The convalescent carrier rate was 36.6% for the patients with Salmonella infections, 2.6% for those with Shigella infections and 8.3% for those from whom enteropathogenic E. coli had been isolated. The mortality rate was 1.2% among patients with Salmonella infections and 1.6% among the patients from whom enteropathogenic E. coli had been isolated. None of the patients with Shigella infections died. The large number of patients, 889, with diarrhea and with rectal swab cultures negative for Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli indicates a need for continued investigation into the etiology of diarrhea in infants and young children.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Xiaozhe Wang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Qiong Wen ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Zhixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Membrane Transport ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance.

Ubiquinone levels of human liver in health and disease

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. J. Phillips ◽  
K. Hoppner ◽  
T. K. Murray ◽  
J. S. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Human Liver ◽  
First Year ◽  
Disease Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Human Livers ◽  
Routine Handling ◽  
First Year Of Life

Total liver ubiquinone was not influenced by postmortem conditions when intact animals were exposed to room or refrigerator temperatures for periods of 24 h or a combined effect for 48 h. Liver ubiquinone declined progressively with duration of storage at −20 °C when liver tissue was stored but remained stable for 140 days when isolated nonsaponifiable material was stored. Recommendations are made for the routine handling of tissue samples for ubiquinone analysis. One hundred human livers were analyzed for ubiquinone. Age influenced liver ubiquinone content. Ubiquinone was low at birth and increased during the first year of life. No correlation was observed between ubiquinone concentration and primary cause of death, namely accidental, heart and coronary disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, and a miscellaneous group. Liver ubiquinone was not affected by the vitamin A status of humans. Extreme variations in ubiquinone concentration within any given age or disease group suggest that factors as yet not understood influence human liver ubiquinone levels.

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