scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Gut and Beyond

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Vyas ◽  
Natarajan Ranganathan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

The human intestinal tract has been colonized by thousands of species of bacteria during the coevolution of man and microbes. Gut-borne microbes outnumber the total number of body tissue cells by a factor of ten. Recent metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota has revealed the presence of some 3.3 million genes, as compared to the mere 23 thousand genes present in the cells of the tissues in the entire human body. Evidence for various beneficial roles of the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease is expanding rapidly. Perturbation of the intestinal microbiota may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, functional bowel diseases, and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be difficult to accomplish, but the use of probiotics has led to promising results in a large number of well-designed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has spurred a dramatic increase in scientific, industrial, and public interest in probiotics and prebiotics as possible agents for gut microbiota management and control. Genomics and bioinformatics tools may allow us to establish mechanistic relationships among gut microbiota, health status, and the effects of drugs in the individual. This will hopefully provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management.

scholarly journals A Crosstalk between Diet, Microbiome and microRNA in Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2428
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Guz ◽  
Witold Jeleniewicz ◽  
Anna Malm ◽  
Izabela Korona-Glowniak
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

A still growing interest between human nutrition in relation to health and disease states can be observed. Dietary components shape the composition of microbiota colonizing our gastrointestinal tract which play a vital role in maintaining human health. There is a strong evidence that diet, gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence our epigenome, particularly through the modulation of microRNAs. These group of small non-coding RNAs maintain cellular homeostasis, however any changes leading to impaired expression of miRNAs contribute to the development of different pathologies, including neoplastic diseases. Imbalance of intestinal microbiota due to diet is primary associated with the development of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers. In the present work we summarize current knowledge with particular emphasis on diet-microbiota-miRNAs axis and its relation to the development of colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals The gastrointestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (5) ◽  
pp. G351-G363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temitope O. Keku ◽  
Santosh Dulal ◽  
April Deveaux ◽  
Biljana Jovov ◽  
Xuesong Han
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Western World ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Important Player

The human gut is home to a complex and diverse microbiota that contributes to the overall homeostasis of the host. Increasingly, the intestinal microbiota is recognized as an important player in human illness such as colorectal cancer (CRC), inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity. CRC in itself is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the Western world. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to CRC are complex and not fully understood, but increasing evidence suggests a link between the intestinal microbiota and CRC as well as diet and inflammation, which are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis. It is thought that the gut microbiota interact with dietary factors to promote chronic inflammation and CRC through direct influence on host cell physiology, cellular homeostasis, energy regulation, and/or metabolism of xenobiotics. This review provides an overview on the role of commensal gut microbiota in the development of human CRC and explores its association with diet and inflammation.

scholarly journals Probiotics and Prebiotics

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Pradip Kumar Dutta ◽  
Arup Dutta ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam ◽  
Pranab Kumar Chowdhury ◽  
Sankar Kumar Ghose
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Food Substrate

Thousands of species of bacteria colonize gut. The number of microbes is ten times that of total human body cells. The intestinal microbiota is not always harmful, sometimes it is beneficial for human health. If the growth and activity of the intestinal microbiota is perturbed, it may lead to various diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autoimmune diseases, infections, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be done by the use of probiotics (beneficial bacteria). Prebiotics, on the other hand, are the food substrate for probiotics. This review article describes uses and harms of probiotics and prebiotics in the body and their rationale for using in diet. JCMCTA 2012 ; 23 (2): 62-68

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota for Health: How Can Diet Maintain A Healthy Gut Microbiota?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3596
Author(s):  
Cinzia Ferraris ◽  
Marina Elli ◽  
Anna Tagliabue
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

The human intestinal tract is colonized by a resilient integrated ecosystem represented by a complex consortium of trillions of microbes [...]

scholarly journals Bioavailability Based on the Gut Microbiota: a New Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Fang He ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Lichun Guo ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Chinese Medicines ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Substantial Discrepancy ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

SUMMARY The substantial discrepancy between the strong effects of functional foods and various drugs, especially traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), and the poor bioavailability of these substances remains a perplexing problem. Understanding the gut microbiota, which acts as an effective bioreactor in the human intestinal tract, provides an opportunity for the redefinition of bioavailability. Here, we discuss four different pathways associated with the role of the gut microbiota in the transformation of parent compounds to beneficial or detrimental small molecules, which can enter the body’s circulatory system and be available to target cells, tissues, and organs. We further describe and propose effective strategies for improving bioavailability and alleviating side effects with the help of the gut microbiota. This review also broadens our perspectives for the discovery of new medicinal components.

scholarly journals Coccidia-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on the Host

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyang Lu ◽  
Yaqun Yan ◽  
Fuchun Jian ◽  
Changshen Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Control

As a common parasitic disease in animals, coccidiosis substantially affects the health of the host, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and intestinal tract colonization. Gut microbiota is an important part of organisms and is closely related to the parasite and host. Parasitic infections often have adverse effects on the host, and their pathogenic effects are related to the parasite species, parasitic site and host-parasite interactions. Coccidia-microbiota-host interactions represent a complex network in which changes in one link may affect the other two factors. Furthermore, coccidia-microbiota interactions are not well understood and require further research. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which coccidia interact directly or indirectly with the gut microbiota and the effects on the host. Understanding the mechanisms underlying coccidia-microbiota-host interactions is important to identify new probiotic strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis.

scholarly journals Identification of New Potential Biotherapeutics from Human Gut Microbiota-Derived Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Bernardo Cuffaro ◽  
Aka L. W. Assohoun ◽  
Denise Boutillier ◽  
Véronique Peucelle ◽  
Jérémy Desramaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Functional Capacities

The role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is well recognized and the microbiota dysbiosis observed in many chronic diseases became a new therapeutic target. The challenge is to get a better insight into the functionality of commensal bacteria and to use this knowledge to select live biotherapeutics as new preventive or therapeutic products. In this study, we set up a screening approach to evaluate the functional capacities of a set of 21 strains isolated from the gut microbiota of neonates and adults. For this purpose, we selected key biological processes involved in the microbiome-host symbiosis and known to impact the host physiology i.e., the production of short-chain fatty acids and the ability to strengthen an epithelial barrier (Caco-2), to induce the release of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine after co-culture with human immune cells (PBMC) or to increase GLP-1 production from STC-1 endocrine cell line. This strategy highlighted fifteen strains exhibiting beneficial activities among which seven strains combined several of them. Interestingly, this work revealed for the first time a high prevalence of potential health-promoting functions among intestinal commensal strains and identified several appealing novel candidates for the management of chronic diseases, notably obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases.

scholarly journals Capsaicin and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5681
Author(s):  
Adrian Eugen Rosca ◽  
Mara Ioana Iesanu ◽  
Carmen Denise Mihaela Zahiu ◽  
Suzana Elena Voiculescu ◽  
Alexandru Catalin Paslaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects ◽  
New Hypothesis

Capsaicin is a widespread spice known for its analgesic qualities. Although a comprehensive body of evidence suggests pleiotropic benefits of capsaicin, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, metabolic, or cardioprotective effects, it is frequently avoided due to reported digestive side-effects. As the gut bacterial profile is strongly linked to diet and capsaicin displays modulatory effects on gut microbiota, a new hypothesis has recently emerged about its possible applicability against widespread pathologies, such as metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The present review explores the capsaicin–microbiota crosstalk and capsaicin effect on dysbiosis, and illustrates the intimate mechanisms that underlie its action in preventing the onset or development of pathologies like obesity, diabetes, or inflammatory bowel diseases. A possible antimicrobial property of capsaicin, mediated by the beneficial alteration of microbiota, is also discussed. However, as data are coming mostly from experimental models, caution is needed in translating these findings to humans.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (25) ◽  
pp. 2951-2961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana De Musis ◽  
Lucia Granata ◽  
Marcello Dallio ◽  
Agnese Miranda ◽  
Antonietta G. Gravina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Trigger Factor ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic multifactorial diseases characterized by partially unclear pathogenic mechanisms including changes in intestinal microbiota. Despite the microbiota, alteration is well established in IBD patients, as reported by 16RNA sequencing analysis, an important goal is to define if it is just a consequence of the disease progression or a trigger factor of the disease itself. To date, gut microbiota composition and gut microbiota-related metabolites seem to affect the host healthy state both by modulating metabolic pathways or acting on the expression of different genes through epigenetic effects. Because of this, it has been suggested that intestinal microbiota might represent a promising therapeutic target for IBD patients. : The aim of this review is to summarize both the most recent acquisitions in the field of gut microbiota and its involvement in intestinal inflammation together with the available strategies for the modulation of microbiota, such as prebiotics and/or probiotics administration or fecal microbiota transplantation.

scholarly journals Early settlers: which E. coli strains do you not want at birth?

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (1) ◽  
pp. G123-G129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Secher ◽  
Camille Brehin ◽  
Eric Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
First Year ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
First Year Of Life

The intestinal microbiota exerts vital biological processes throughout the human lifetime, and imbalances in its composition have been implicated in both health and disease status. Upon birth, the neonatal gut moves from a barely sterile to a massively colonized environment. The development of the intestinal microbiota during the first year of life is characterized by rapid and important changes in microbial composition, diversity, and magnitude. The pioneer bacteria colonizing the postnatal intestinal tract profoundly contribute to the establishment of the host-microbe symbiosis, which is essential for health throughout life. Escherichia coli is one of the first colonizers of the gut after birth. E. coli is a versatile population including harmless commensal, probiotic strains as well as frequently deadly pathogens. The prevalence of the specific phylogenetic B2 group, which encompasses both commensal and extra- or intraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains, is increasing among E. coli strains colonizing infants quickly after birth. Fifty percent of the B2 group strains carry in their genome the pks gene cluster encoding the synthesis of a nonribosomal peptide-polyketide hybrid genotoxin named colibactin. In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental evidence associating the recently emerging neonatal B2 E. coli population with several pathology and discuss how the expression of colibactin by both normal inhabitants of intestinal microflora and virulent strains may darken the borderline between commensalism and pathogenicity.

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