Rates of triolein absorption in suckling and adult rats

To determine the extent to which suckling animals differ from adults in their capacity to absorb fat, we compared the rate of absorption of orally administered [14C]triolein in 11- to 12-day-old suckling rats with that of 10-wk-old adults by three distinct methods. In the first, the rate of [14C]triolein disappearance was determined by quantitating substrate remaining in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. In the second, 14CO2 expiration in breath was measured continuously for 6 h after an identical feeding. In the third, intestinal triglyceride output was estimated by the lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, Triton WR-1339. Triolein disappearance, 14CO2 excretion, and intestinal triglyceride output were two- to threefold higher in suckling rats compared with adults (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.0001, and P less than 0.01, respectively). There was also a highly significant linear relationship between 14CO2 excretion and both triolein disappearance and intestinal triglyceride output for both age groups (P less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.003, respectively). These data show that consistent with its high dietary intake, the suckling rat can absorb triolein at rates significantly higher than the adult.

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Maillard product consumption and nitrogen digestibility in young and adult rats

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/473/2012-cjfs ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 164-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Delgado-Andrade ◽

I. Roncero-Ramos ◽

R. Alonso-Olalla ◽

I. Seiquer ◽

M.P. Navarro

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Model System ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Faecal Excretion ◽

The Third ◽

Product Consumption ◽

Faecal Nitrogen

We investigate the effects of consumption of MRPs from the glucose-lysine model system heated 15°C-90 min on protein digestibility and its utilisation in young (3-week) and adult (12-week) rats. Nitrogen faecal excretion significantly increased after MRP consumption, especially during the third week. Protein digestibility was lower in both age groups studied, but the utilisation was unaffected. Parallelly, the nitrogen retention and its net utilisation for the entire experimental period did not vary. In young rats the faecal nitrogen exceeded the amount of ingested nitrogen coming from MRPs, suggesting that digestibility of undamaged nitrogen was affected. The same action is suspected in adult animals, but the results were not quantitatively conclusive, and therefore the effect should be moderate in this period.  

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Chronic Oral Administration of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Extract Induced Gastrointestinal Necrosis in Treated Albino Rats

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2019/v27i330113 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

M. U. Udoha ◽

N. J. Okolie ◽

S. N. Ijioma

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Histological Study ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Ocimum Gratissimum ◽

Long Term Treatment

Aim: This study was designed to investigate the effect on of Ocimum gratissimum leaves extract on the histology of the gastrointestinal tract in rats. Study Design: Adult rats of both sexes were used for the work. The study was carried out at the Departments of Physiology and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria between September 2014 and January, 2015. Methodology: Fifty adult albino rats and 35 Mice were used for the study. The mice were used for acute toxicity study while the rats were divided into five groups of 10 rats each and were used for the histological study. Groups 2-5 were assigned different dose levels of OGLE in the order 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively while group 1 was given only feed and water. Treatment was given by the oral route and lasted for 28 days. Results: Phytochemical compounds identified in the extract include protein and carbohydrate which occurred in high amounts, tannins, flavonoids and glycosides in moderate quantities, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds in low amounts while tannins and alkaloids were absent. An LD50 and ED50 values of 2075 mg/kg and 850 mg/kg body weight respectively were obtained for the extract with a Therapeutic Index value of 2.44. Chronic oral administration of the extract also caused various degrees of histological changes in the gastrointestinal tract in all treated animals with significant erosions of the mucosa and submucosa. The gastrointesinal necrosis produced by Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract after long term treatment was dose dependent with 100 mg/kg inducing only mild necrosis of the villi, 200 mg/kg, a higher necrosis of the villi, while 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg induced severe necrosis of both the villi and the intestinal mucosa. Conclusion: Results obtained from this study therefore suggest that Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract is rich in bioactive compounds and may be well tolerated at low to moderate doses during short term treatment but may cause gastrointestinal erosions when used continuously over a long period.

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Cobalamin release from intrinsic factor and transfer to transcobalamin II within the rat enterocyte

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.5.g791 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 257 (5) ◽

pp. G791-G797 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Ramasamy ◽

D. H. Alpers ◽

C. Tiruppathi ◽

B. Seetharam

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Protein Turnover ◽

Intrinsic Factor ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Subsequent Formation ◽

Suckling Rats ◽

Total Inhibition ◽

Monospecific Antisera ◽

Acidic Vesicle ◽

Transcobalamin Ii

To ascertain the mechanism of release of cobalamin (Cbl) from intrinsic factor (IF) and subsequent formation of transcobalamin II (TC-II)-Cbl complex, we studied the intracellular distribution of 57Co-labeled Cbl after its uptake in suckling and adult rats. The amount of Cbl bound to IF, to the IF-Cbl receptor via IF, and to TC-II was determined by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antisera raised to these proteins. IF-Cbl receptor activity was found to be very low in suckling rats up to 12 days after birth. Oral administration of leupeptin in amounts known to alter protein turnover had no effect on the release of Cbl from IF nor did it inhibit the formation of the TC-II-Cbl complex in either adult or suckling animals. However, oral administration of chloroquine resulted in a transient increase in the intestinal concentration of Cbl in both adult and suckling rats and in total inhibition of Cbl released from IF in adults rats. Chloroquine prevented completely the transfer of Cbl to TC-II in adult rats and inhibited the transfer by 50% in suckling rats. These data demonstrate that in adult mucosa utilizing receptor-mediated endocytosis, Cbl is transferred from IF to TC-II. This transfer does not require the IF-Cbl receptor, as it occurs in suckling rats. Finally, transfer of Cbl to TC-II is decreased by a drug that alters vesicular pH. Because Cbl can be released at acid pH from IF, it is proposed that release of Cbl from IF and its transfer to TC-II occurs in an acidic vesicle.

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Five reasons COVID-19 is less severe in younger age groups

Evolution Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.1093/emph/eoaa050 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paul W Turke

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Life History Theory ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Age Groups ◽

Medical Community ◽

System Function ◽

The Third ◽

Immune System Function ◽

Age Related ◽

Younger Age

Abstract The severity of COVID-19 is age-related, with the advantage going to younger age groups. Five reasons are presented. The first two are well-known, are being actively researched by the broader medical community, and therefore are discussed only briefly here. The third, fourth, and fifth reasons derive from evolutionary life history theory, and potentially fill gaps in current understanding of why and how young and old age groups respond differently to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Age of onset of generalized somatic aging, and the timing of its progression, are identified as important causes of these disparities, as are specific antagonistic pleiotropic tradeoffs in immune system function.

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THE EFFECT OF PHLORHIZIN ON THE RATE OF ABSORPTION FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THE WHITE RAT

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)76204-2 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 497-502

Author(s):

Robert H. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Rate Of Absorption

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Trimethylaminuria (‘fish-odour syndrome’): A study of an affected family

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0740231 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 231-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Makram Al-Waiz ◽

Riad Ayesh ◽

Stephen C. Mitchell ◽

Jeffrey R. Idle ◽

Robert L. Smith

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Inborn Error ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Oral Challenge ◽

Recessive Trait ◽

Autosomal Recessive Trait ◽

Challenge Dose ◽

The Third ◽

The Family ◽

Body Odour

1. Beginning with a single propositus, who had been previously diagnosed at the age of 10 as suffering from trimethylaminuria (fish-odour syndrome), both her parents and two sisters were investigated biochemically with respect to their ability to N-oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), both when derived from the diet and when administered exogenously. 2. Both the propositus and a second sister were markedly deficient in their ability to N-oxidize TMA, both when derived from the diet and when given as such; furthermore, both siblings readily developed the symptoms of fish-odour syndrome as characterized by a strong objectionable breath and body odour shortly after the oral administration of TMA (300 mg). 3. At this dose level of TMA, neither of the parents nor the third sister showed any evidence of impaired N-oxidation ability nor did they experience any ‘fish-odour’ symptoms. 4. With an oral challenge of 600 mg of TMA, both the parents showed a clear impairment of N-oxidation capacity which was not seen in six healthy unrelated volunteers. Both parents experienced a fish-odour syndrome at this level of TMA challenge. 5. The family data support the hypothesis that trimethylaminuria is an inborn error in the ability to N-oxidize TMA which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Furthermore, experience with this family suggests that an oral challenge dose with 600 mg of TMA may be used to identify carriers of the condition.

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Functional and molecular characterization of NHE3 expression during ontogeny in rat jejunal epithelium

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.6.c1937 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (6) ◽

pp. C1937-C1946 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

James F. Collins ◽

Hua Xu ◽

Pawel R. Kiela ◽

Jiamin Zeng ◽

Fayez K. Ghishan

Keyword(s):

Northern Blot ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Membrane Vesicle ◽

Age Groups ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Jejunal Mucosa ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Intestinal Brush Border Membrane ◽

Protein Levels

Ontogenic changes occur in intestinal brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) Na+/H+exchange activity. The present studies were designed to investigate ontogenic changes in Na+/H+exchanger (NHE) isoform 3 in rat jejunum. pH-dependent Na+ uptake was assayed in four age groups of rats in the presence of 0, 50, or 800 μM HOE-694, a specific NHE inhibitor with differential sensitivities for NHE2 [inhibition constant ( K i) = 5 μM in PS120 fibroblasts] and NHE3 ( K i = 650 μM). Results showed that NHE2 and NHE3 contribute to basal BBMV uptake at all ages. Uptake levels were highest in 6-wk-old rats, lower in adult rats, and lowest in 2-wk-old (suckling) and 3-wk-old (weanling) rats. NHE3 contribution ranged from 92% at 6 wk of age to 59% at 2 and 3 wk of age. NHE3 inhibition by 800 μM HOE-694 was 38–45%. Statistical analysis showed that HOE-694 had a significant effect at both concentrations at all ages and that differences were present between all ages except 2- and 3-wk rats (at all HOE-694 concentrations). Northern blot analyses of jejunal mucosa showed lowest NHE3 mRNA levels in 2-wk animals and higher levels in all other age groups. Polyclonal antibodies were developed against an NHE3 COOH-terminal fusion protein, and antiserum was characterized with NHE3-transfected PS120 cells and by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analyses showed lowest protein levels in 2-wk animals and higher levels in the other ages. Suckling rats were subcutaneously injected with methylprednisone (MP) for 2 days and killed 1 day later. Northern blot analyses showed a twofold increase in NHE3 mRNA expression with MP treatment. Immunoblot analyses showed a 2.5-fold increase in NHE3 immunoreactive protein levels with MP injection. Overall, these data suggest that NHE3 is regulated during ontogeny and that ontogenic changes are most apparent around the time of weaning. Furthermore, the data suggest that NHE3 is regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels during mammalian intestinal development.

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Dissimilar Anxiety-like Behavior in Prepubertal and Young Adult Female Rats on Acute Exposure to Aluminium

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871524922666211231095507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Trina Sengupta ◽

Sutirtha Ghosh ◽

Archana Gaur T. ◽

Prasunpriya Nayak

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Young Adult ◽

Adult Female ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Age Groups ◽

Female Rats ◽

Acute Exposure ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Plus Maze

Background: Puberty is a developmental transition in which an estrogenic surge occurs, mediating the release of xenoestrogens, like aluminium. Aluminium’s effect on anxiety in rodents at the different developmental stages is inconsistent. Aims: This study aimed at investigating the effect of the metalloestrogenic property of aluminium on anxiety-like behavioral changes in prepubertal and young adult female rats. Objective: Considering this aim, our objective was to evaluate the anxiety-like behavior by the elevated plus maze in prepubertal and young adult female rats with or without acute exposure to aluminium. Methods: To address this property of aluminium, 5mg/Kg body weight (Al-5) and 10 mg/Kg body weight (Al-10) of aluminium was administered intraperitoneally to female rats at two developmental stages, prepubertal (PP; n = 8 for each dose) and young adult (YA; n = 6 for each dose) for two weeks. Post-treatment, three days behavioral assessment of the rats was done employing elevated plus maze. Results: Reduced escape latency was seen in Al-5, Al-10 pre-pubertal rats, and Al-5 young-adult rats on day 3. A significant reduction in open arm time was seen in the Al-5 young-adult rats. Aluminium treatment in the pre-pubertal rats reduced their head dipping and grooming. Reduced sniffing, head dipping, and stretch-attended posture in the treated young-adult female rats showed that they had impaired risk-taking tendency. Conclusion: Differential effect on the anxiety-like behavior in the pre-pubertal and young-adult female rats might be due to the metalloestrogenic property of aluminium, acting differently on the two age groups.

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Age-dependent activation of PKC isoforms by angiotensin II in the proximal nephron

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.3.r861 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 281 (3) ◽

pp. R861-R867 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dianne M. Boesch ◽

Jeffrey L. Garvin

Keyword(s):

Specific Binding ◽

Age Groups ◽

Proximal Tubules ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Fluid Absorption ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Young Rats ◽

Age Related ◽

Pkc Isoforms ◽

Pkc Β

ANG II increases fluid absorption in proximal tubules from young rats more than those from adult rats. ANG II increases fluid absorption in the proximal nephron, in part, via activation of protein kinase C (PKC). However, it is unclear how age-related changes in ANG II-induced stimulation of the PKC cascade differ as an animal matures. We hypothesized that the response of the proximal nephron to ANG II decreases as rats mature due to a reduction in the amount and activation of PKC rather than a decrease in the number or affinity of ANG II receptors. Because PKC translocates from the cytosol to the membrane when activated, we first measured PKC activity in the soluble and particulate fractions of proximal tubule homogenates exposed to vehicle or 10−10 M ANG II from young (26 ± 1 days old) and adult rats (54 ± 1 days old). ANG II increased PKC activity to the same extent in homogenates from young rats (from 0.119 ± 0.017 to 0.146 ± 0.015 U/mg protein) ( P < 0.01) and adult rats (from 0.123 ± 0.020 to 0.156 ± 0.023 U/mg protein) ( P < 0.01). Total PKC activity did not differ between groups (0.166 ± 0.018 vs. 0.181 ± 0.023). We next investigated whether activation of the α-, β-, and γ-PKC isoforms differed by Western blot. In homogenates from young rats, ANG II significantly increased activated PKC-α from 40.2 ± 6.5 to 60.2 ± 9.5 arbitrary units (AU) ( P < 0.01) but had no effect in adult rats (46.1 ± 5.1 vs. 48.5 ± 8.2 AU). Similarly, ANG II increased activated PKC-γ in proximal tubules from young rats from 47.9 ± 13.2 to 65.6 ± 16.7 AU ( P < 0.01) but caused no change in adult rats. Activated PKC-β, however, increased significantly in homogenates from both age groups. Specifically, activated PKC-β increased from 8.6 ± 1.4 to 12.2 ± 2.1 AU ( P < 0.01) in homogenates from nine young rats and from 19.0 ± 5.5 to 25.1 ± 7.1 AU ( P < 0.01) in homogenates from 12 adult rats. ANG II did not alter the amount of soluble PKC-α, -β, and -γ significantly. The total amount of PKC-α and -γ did not differ between homogenates from young and adult rats, whereas the total amount of PKC-β was 59.7 ± 10.7 and 144.9 ± 41.8 AU taken from young and adult rats, respectively ( P < 0.05). Maximum specific binding and affinity of ANG II receptors were not significantly different between young and adult rats. We concluded that the primary PKC isoform activated by ANG II changes during maturation.

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