Sex differences in rat renal arterial responses following exercise training

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marton Vezer ◽  
Ágota Demeter ◽  
Maria Szekeres ◽  
Attila Jósvai ◽  
Bálint Bányai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Arterial Responses

During aerobic exercise, hemodynamic alterations occure; while blood flow in skeletal muscle arteries increases, it decreases in visceral vessels due to mesenterial vasoconstriction. However, maintaining renal blood flow during intensive sport is also a priority. Our aim was to investigate the changes of vascular reactivity and histology of isolated renal artery of male and female rats in response to swim-training. Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: male sedentary (MSed), male trained (MTr), female sedentary (FSed), and female trained (FTr). Trained animals underwent a 12-week-long intensive swimming program. Vascular function of isolated renal artery segments was examined by wire myography. Phenylephrine-induced contraction was lower in FSed compared to MSed animals, and it was decreased by training in male but not in female animals. Inhibition of cyclooxygenases by indomethacin reduced contraction in both sedentary groups, and in MTr but not in FTr animals. Inhibition of nitric oxide production increased contraction in both trained groups. Acetylcholine induced relaxation was similar in all experimental groups showing predominant NO-dependency. Elastin and smooth muscle cell actin density was reduced in female rats after aerobic training. This study shows that, as a result of 12-weeks-long training, there are sex differences in renal arterial responses following exercise training. Swimming moderates renal artery vasoconstriction in male animals, while it depresses elastic fiber and smooth muscle actin density in females.

scholarly journals Intrinsic sex-specific differences in microvascular endothelial cell phosphodiesterases

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (4) ◽  
pp. H1146-H1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjie Wang ◽  
Susan Bingaman ◽  
Virginia H. Huxley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Gonadal Hormone ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cell ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial

The importance of gonadal hormones in the regulation of vascular function has been documented. An alternate and essential contribution of the sex chromosomes to sex differences in vascular function is poorly understood. We reported previously sex differences in microvessel permeability ( Ps) responses to adenosine that were mediated by the cAMP signaling pathway (Wang J, PhD thesis, 2005; Wang J and Huxley V, Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of Microcirculation, 2007 ; Wang J and Huxley VH, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291: H3094–H3105, 2006). The two cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, central to the regulation of vascular barrier integrity, are hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterases (PDE). We hypothesized that microvascular endothelial cells (EC) would retain intrinsic and inheritable sexually dimorphic genes with respect to the PDEs modulating EC barrier function. Primary cultured microvascular EC from skeletal muscles isolated from male and female rats, respectively, were used. SRY (a sex-determining region Y gene) mRNA expression was observed exclusively in male, not female, cells. The predominant isoform among PDE1–5, present in both XY and XX EC, was PDE4. Expression mRNA levels of PDE1A (male > female) and PDE3B (male < female) were sex dependent; PDE2A, PDE4D, and PDE5A were sex independent. Barrier function, Ps, was determined from measures of albumin flux across confluent primary cultured microvessel XY and XX EC monolayers. Consistent with intact in situ microvessels, basal monolayer Ps did not differ between XY (1.7 ± 0.2 × 10−6 cm/s; n = 8) and XX (1.8 ± 0.1 × 10−6 cm/s; n = 10) EC. Cilostazol, a PDE3 inhibitor, reduced (11%, P < 0.05) Ps in XX, not XY, cells. These findings demonstrate the presence and maintenance of intrinsic sex-related differences in gene expression and cellular phenotype by microvascular EC in a gonadal-hormone-free environment. Furthermore, intrinsic cell-sex likely contributes significantly to sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular function.

Sex differences in control of renal outer medullary circulation in rats: role of prostaglandins

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (4) ◽  
pp. F629-F636 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Parekh ◽  
A. P. Zou ◽  
I. Jungling ◽  
K. Endlich ◽  
J. Sadowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Quantify Blood Flow ◽  
Inhibition Of Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Different Response

A calibration technique was developed to quantify blood flow changes in the renal cortex and outer medulla in rats using platinum needle electrodes sensing partial pressure of locally generated hydrogen. Measurements were made in male and female rats to investigate sex differences in the humoral control and autoregulation of regional renal circulations. In males, both cortical and outer medullary blood flows were efficiently auto-regulated above an arterial pressure of 100 mmHg. The converting-enzyme inhibitor quinapril increased blood flow by 20% in both kidney zones, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin did not change the flow. In females, similar results were obtained only for the cortex; the medulla had a different response pattern. The blood flow was not autoregulated in the experimental pressure range up to 120 mmHg; quinapril did not change the flow, but indomethacin decreased the flow by 16% and at the same time restored its autoregulation capacity. We conclude that: 1) the medulla of female rats has a high basal level of vasodilator prostaglandins, which interferes with blood flow autoregulation in this kidney area, and 2) medullary flow in female rats is little affected by endogenous angiotensin.

scholarly journals Stem cell treatment improves post stroke neurological outcomes: a comparative study in male and female rats

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000834
Author(s):  
Koteswara Rao Nalamolu ◽  
Bharath Chelluboina ◽  
Casimir A Fornal ◽  
Siva Reddy Challa ◽  
David M Pinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females

Background and purposeThe therapeutic potential of different stem cells for ischaemic stroke treatment is intriguing and somewhat controversial. Recent results from our laboratory have demonstrated the potential benefits of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a rodent stroke model. We hypothesised that MSC treatment would effectively promote the recovery of sensory and motor function in both males and females, despite any apparent sex differences in post stroke brain injury.MethodsTransient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Following the procedure, male and female rats of the untreated group were euthanised 1 day after reperfusion and their brains were used to estimate the resulting infarct volume and tissue swelling. Additional groups of stroke-induced male and female rats were treated with MSC or vehicle and were subsequently subjected to a battery of standard neurological/neurobehavioral tests (Modified Neurological Severity Score assessment, adhesive tape removal, beam walk and rotarod). The tests were administered at regular intervals (at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) after reperfusion to determine the time course of neurological and functional recovery after stroke.ResultsThe infarct volume and extent of swelling of the ischaemic brain were similar in males and females. Despite similar pathological stroke lesions, the clinical manifestations of stroke were more pronounced in males than females, as indicated by the neurological scores and other tests. MSC treatment significantly improved the recovery of sensory and motor function in both sexes, and it demonstrated efficacy in both moderate stroke (females) and severe stroke (males).ConclusionsDespite sex differences in the severity of post stroke outcomes, MSC treatment promoted the recovery of sensory and motor function in male and female rats, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for stroke.

scholarly journals Analysis of sex differences in dietary copper-fructose interaction-induced alterations of gut microbial activity in relation to hepatic steatosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Song ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
Xipeng Ma ◽  
Xinmin Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Rrna Sequencing

Abstract Background Inadequate copper intake and increased fructose consumption represent two important nutritional problems in the USA. Dietary copper-fructose interactions alter gut microbial activity and contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study is to determine whether dietary copper-fructose interactions alter gut microbial activity in a sex-differential manner and whether sex differences in gut microbial activity are associated with sex differences in hepatic steatosis. Methods Male and female weanling Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed ad libitum with an AIN-93G purified rodent diet with defined copper content for 8 weeks. The copper content is 6 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg in adequate copper diet (CuA) and marginal copper diet (CuM), respectively. Animals had free access to either deionized water or deionized water containing 10% fructose (F) (w/v) as the only drink during the experiment. Body weight, calorie intake, plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver histology as well as liver triglyceride were evaluated. Fecal microbial contents were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing. Fecal and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results Male and female rats exhibit similar trends of changes in the body weight gain and calorie intake in response to dietary copper and fructose, with a generally higher level in male rats. Several female rats in the CuAF group developed mild steatosis, while no obvious steatosis was observed in male rats fed with CuAF or CuMF diets. Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct alterations of the gut microbiome in male and female rats. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) identified sex-specific abundant taxa in different groups. Further, total SCFAs, as well as, butyrate were decreased in a more pronounced manner in female CuMF rats than in male rats. Of note, the decreased SCFAs are concomitant with the reduced SCFA producers, but not correlated to hepatic steatosis. Conclusions Our data demonstrated sex differences in the alterations of gut microbial abundance, activities, and hepatic steatosis in response to dietary copper-fructose interaction in rats. The correlation between sex differences in metabolic phenotypes and alterations of gut microbial activities remains elusive.

scholarly journals Vulnerability factors for mephedrone-induced conditioned place preference in rats—the impact of sex differences, social-conditioning and stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Wronikowska ◽  
Maria Zykubek ◽  
Łukasz Kurach ◽  
Agnieszka Michalak ◽  
Anna Boguszewska-Czubara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Social Conditioning ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Rationale Mephedrone is a frequently overused drug of abuse that belongs to the group of novel psychoactive substances. Although its mechanism of action, as well as toxic and psychoactive effects, has been widely studied, the role of different factors that could contribute to the increased vulnerability to mephedrone abuse is still poorly understood. Objectives The aim of the presented study was to assess the impact of several factors (sex differences, social-conditioning, and chronic mild unpredictable stress — CMUS) on the liability to mephedrone-induced reward in Wistar rats. Methods The rewarding effects of mephedrone in male and female rats were assessed using the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure. Furthermore, the impact of social factor and stress was evaluated in male rats using social-CPP and CMUS-dependent CPP, respectively. Results Mephedrone induced classic-CPP in female (10 mg/kg), as well as in male (10 and 20 mg/kg) rats. However, the impact of mephedrone treatment during social-CPP was highly dose-dependent as the rewarding effects of low dose of mephedrone (5 mg/kg; non-active in classic-CPP) were potentiated when administered during social-conditioning. Interestingly, social-conditioning with a higher dose of 20 mg/kg (that induced classic-CPP) was able to reverse these effects. Finally, CMUS potentiated rewarding effects of a low dose of mephedrone (5 mg/kg) and increased the level of corticosterone in rats’ prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusions Altogether, the presented results give new insight into possible factors underlying the vulnerability to mephedrone abuse and can serve as a basis for further studies assessing mechanisms underlying observed effects.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Escalated Methamphetamine Self-Administration and Altered Gene Expression Associated With Incubation of Methamphetamine Seeking

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 710-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul P Daiwile ◽  
Subramaniam Jayanthi ◽  
Bruce Ladenheim ◽  
Michael T McCoy ◽  
Christie Brannock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Orexin Receptors ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is prevalent worldwide. There are reports of sex differences in quantities of drug used and relapses to drug use among individuals with METH use disorder. However, the molecular neurobiology of these potential sex differences remains unknown. Methods We trained rats to self-administer METH (0. 1 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) on an fixed-ratio-1 schedule for 20 days using two 3-hour daily METH sessions separated by 30-minute breaks. At the end of self-administration training, rats underwent tests of cue-induced METH seeking on withdrawal days 3 and 30. Twenty-four hours later, nucleus accumbens was dissected and then used to measure neuropeptide mRNA levels. Results Behavioral results show that male rats increased the number of METH infusions earlier during self-administration training and took more METH than females. Both male and female rats could be further divided into 2 phenotypes labeled high and low takers based on the degree of escalation that they exhibited during the course of the METH self-administration experiment. Both males and females exhibited incubation of METH seeking after 30 days of forced withdrawal. Females had higher basal mRNA levels of dynorphin and hypocretin/orexin receptors than males, whereas males expressed higher vasopressin mRNA levels than females under saline and METH conditions. Unexpectedly, only males showed increased expression of nucleus accumbens dynorphin after METH self-administration. Moreover, there were significant correlations between nucleus accumbens Hcrtr1, Hcrtr2, Crhr2, and Avpr1b mRNA levels and cue-induced METH seeking only in female rats. Conclusion Our results identify some behavioral and molecular differences between male and female rats that had self-administered METH. Sexual dimorphism in responses to METH exposure should be considered when developing potential therapeutic agents against METH use disorder.

scholarly journals Effects of aging and exercise training on spinotrapezius muscle microvascular Po2 dynamics and vasomotor control

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle J. McCullough ◽  
Robert T. Davis ◽  
James M. Dominguez ◽  
John N. Stabley ◽  
Christian S. Bruells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching

With advancing age, there is a reduction in exercise tolerance, resulting, in part, from a perturbed ability to match O2 delivery to uptake within skeletal muscle. In the spinotrapezius muscle (which is not recruited during incline treadmill running) of aged rats, we tested the hypotheses that exercise training will 1) improve the matching of O2 delivery to O2 uptake, evidenced through improved microvascular Po2 (PmO2), at rest and throughout the contractions transient; and 2) enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation in first-order arterioles. Young (Y, ∼6 mo) and aged (O, >24 mo) Fischer 344 rats were assigned to control sedentary (YSED; n = 16, and OSED; n = 15) or exercise-trained (YET; n = 14, and OET; n = 13) groups. Spinotrapezius blood flow (via radiolabeled microspheres) was measured at rest and during exercise. Phosphorescence quenching was used to quantify PmO2 in vivo at rest and across the rest-to-twitch contraction (1 Hz, 5 min) transition in the spinotrapezius muscle. In a follow-up study, vasomotor responses to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) stimuli were investigated in vitro. Blood flow to the spinotrapezius did not increase above resting values during exercise in either young or aged groups. Exercise training increased the precontraction baseline PmO2 (OET 37.5 ± 3.9 vs. OSED 24.7 ± 3.6 Torr, P < 0.05); the end-contracting PmO2 and the time-delay before PmO2 fell in the aged group but did not affect these values in the young. Exercise training improved maximal vasodilation in aged rats to acetylcholine (OET 62 ± 16 vs. OSED 27 ± 16%) and to sodium nitroprusside in both young and aged rats. Endurance training of aged rats enhances the PmO2 in a nonrecruited skeletal muscle and is associated with improved vascular smooth muscle function. These data support the notion that improvements in vascular function with exercise training are not isolated to the recruited muscle.

scholarly journals Similar levels of emotional contagion in male and female rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Han ◽  
Bo Sichterman ◽  
Maria Carrillo ◽  
Valeria Gazzola ◽  
Christian Keysers
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Danger Detection ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractEmotional contagion, the ability to feel what other individuals feel, is thought to be an important element of social life. In humans, emotional contagion has been shown to be stronger in women than men. Emotional contagion has been shown to exist also in rodents, and a growing number of studies explore the neural basis of emotional contagion in male rats and mice. These studies promise to shed light on the mechanisms that might go astray in psychiatric disorders characterized by dysfunctions of emotional contagion and empathy. Here we explore whether there are sex differences in emotional contagion in rats. We use an established paradigm in which a demonstrator rat receives footshocks while freezing is measured in both the demonstrator and an observer rat, which can hear, smell and see each other. By comparing pairs of male rats with pairs of female rats, we find (i) that female demonstrators freeze less when submitted to footshocks, but that (ii) the emotional contagion response, i.e. the degree of influence across the rats, does not depend on the sex of the rats. This was true whether emotional contagion was quantified based on the slope of a regression linking demonstrator and observer average freezing, or on Granger causality estimates of moment-to-moment freezing. The lack of sex differences in emotional contagion is compatible with an interpretation of emotional contagion as serving selfish danger detection.

P3512Sex differences in rats with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and the effect of autonomic modulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Stavrakis ◽  
K Elkholey ◽  
L Morris ◽  
Y Li ◽  
S S Po
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Autonomic Modulation ◽  
Preserved Ejection Fraction ◽  
Qtc Prolongation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for 50% of HF and sudden death is the leading cause of mortality. There are considerable sex differences in cardiac structure and function, which may be related to outcomes in HFpEF. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is antiarrhythmic. Purpose To describe sex differences in mortality, autonomic tone and ECG parameters in rats with HFpEF and examine the effect of tVNS on these outcomes. Methods Dahl salt sensitive (DS) rats of either sex were randomized into high salt (HS, 8% NaCl) or low salt (LS) diet (0.3% NaCl) at 7 weeks of age. After 6 weeks of LS or HS diets, HS rats were randomized to receive active or sham tVNS, 30min daily (20Hz, 3mA) for 4 weeks. The rats were monitored daily for 4 weeks for the development of HFpEF. ECG and echocardiogram were performed at 13 weeks (baseline) and 17 weeks (endpoint). Heart rate variability (HRV) was calculated at the respective time points. ECG and HRV parameters were analyzed in a blinded fashion. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results A total of 58 rats were included (5 male LS, 6 female LS, 22 male HS and 25 female HS). HS rats developed significant hypertension and signs of HFpEF, while 24% of females and 53% of males died (P=0.004). There were 4 sudden cardiac deaths in males (with ventricular tachycardia documented in 1 rat), whereas all the females died of HF or stroke. Corrected QT (QTc) at baseline significantly prolonged in HS compared to LS rats (250.5±14.4ms vs. 226.8±13.9ms, respectively, p=0.0007), while all other ECG parameters did not differ significantly between groups. In HS rats, QTc prolongation was significantly more pronounced in males compared to females (259.4±20.6ms vs. 243.8±14.5ms, respectively, P=0.002). In univariate analysis, prolonged baseline QTc (OR=1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p=0.003) and male sex (OR=3.21, 95% CI 1.19–8.66, p=0.016) predicted mortality. However, in multivariate analysis, QTc was the only significant predictor of mortality (OR=1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p=0.003). After 4 weeks of treatment, active tVNS significantly decreased QTc compared to sham (244.6±13.8ms vs. 255.8±14.0ms, respectively, p=0.017) in both male and female rats in a similar manner. The low frequency to high frequency ratio (LF/HF) of HRV, which reflects sympathovagal balance, was significantly decreased in active tVNS rats compared to sham (0.21±0.13 vs. 0.54±0.14, respectively; p=0.001) in both male and female rats in a similar manner. Conclusions Male rats with HFpEF exhibit worse survival compared to females and are at higher risk for sudden death. QTc prolongation accounts for the increased risk of sudden death in males compared to females. Autonomic modulation with tVNS attenuates the unfavorable changes in QTc and HRV induced by HS diet and may be used to prevent ventricular arrhythmias in patients with HFpEF.

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