Changes in body composition attendant on force feeding

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Cohn ◽  
Dorothy Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Access To Food

Normal young adult male rats were either force-fed or allowed to eat ad libitum a moderate carbohydrate diet for 3–4 weeks. The force-fed animals were given either the amount of diet consumed by the animals eating ad libitum (pair-fed) or 80% of this amount (underfed). After a 2-week period of observation, we found that the rats eating ad libitum gained 65 gm of body weight, the pair-fed, force-fed 62 gm and the underfed, force-fed 40 gm. On the basis of the water, fat and protein content of the skin, viscera and carcass of control animals killed at the beginning of the feeding regimen and of similar constituents of the experimental animals after 2 weeks of feeding, the composition of the newly formed tissues of the various groups of animals consisted of the following: a) the rat with free access to food—water = 67.8%, fat = 7.8% and protein = 22.4%; b) the pair-fed, force-fed animal—water = 55.5%, fat = 23.6% and protein = 17.7%; c) the underfed, force-fed animal—water = 64.4%, fat = 7.9% and protein = 20.0%. The ratio of calories retained in newly formed tissue to the calories ingested over the 2-week period was 11.9% for the animals eating ad libitum, 20.6% for the pair-fed, force-fed animals and 9.5% for the underfed, force-fed rats. Force feeding appears to change intermediary metabolic pathways in the direction of increased ‘efficiency’ with resultant greater fat deposition.

scholarly journals Effects of an Ad Libitum Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution in Older Men and Women

2004 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Hays ◽  
Raymond D. Starling ◽  
Xiaolan Liu ◽  
Dennis H. Sullivan ◽  
Todd A. Trappe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Older Men ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Older Men And Women

scholarly journals Toxicity assessment of a technical product of the triazole class

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1276-1279
Author(s):  
Valery N. Rakitskii ◽  
Tatiana M. Epishina ◽  
Elena G. Chkhvirkiya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Technical Product ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Toxicological Studies

Introduction. Historically, pesticides are evaluated more strictly from a medical point of view than other chemicals. Since their features, such as deliberate introduction into the environment, the possibility of contact with them by large masses of the population, and the high biological activity determine their potential danger to humans. Purpose of research - study of the biological effect of a technical product derived from triazoles when it is repeatedly ingested orally in mammals (rats), establishment of inactive and active doses, justification of the permissible daily dose (DSD) for humans. Material and methods. In acute experiments, white rats were used, including 6 animals in the group. Tested dose: 500-4000 mg/kg of body weight. A chronic (12 months) experiment was performed on 80 male rats with a bodyweight of 180-190 g at the beginning of the study. Tested doses: 5.0; 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight (1 control and 3 experimental animals, 20 individuals each). In the dynamics of the experiment, we observed the condition and behavior of animals, water, and food consumption, recorded the timing of death, changes in body weight, physiological, biochemical, and hematological indices. Results. Indices of the acute oral toxicity on the studied product LD50 male rats were 2250 ± 483 mg/kg body weight. The dose of 5.0 mg / kg of body weight was not found to cause significant changes in all studied indices. The doses of 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight had a polytropic effect on the body in experimental animals. Discussion. The studied product for the acute oral toxicity refers to low-hazard compounds, the doses of 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight has a polytropic effect on the mammalian body, causing changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism in the body of rats - was accepted as acting. The dose of 5.0 mg / kg of body weight, when administered in rats, there are no changes in all the studied parameters throughout the experiment, is accepted as invalid. Based on the inactive dose-5.0 mg/kg of body weight and taking into account the reserve factor of 100, we have scientifically justified DSD for a person at the level of 0.05 mg/kg. Summary. The conducted sanitary and Toxicological studies indicate the need to assess the toxicity of new technical products to the mammalian body, to increase the reliability of the developed hygiene standards in environmental objects and food products.

Effects of meal frequency on energy utilization in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. R616-R621 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Hill ◽  
J. C. Anderson ◽  
D. Lin ◽  
F. Yakubu
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects of differences in meal frequency on body weight, body composition, and energy expenditure were studied in mildly food-restricted male rats. Two groups were fed approximately 80% of usual food intake (as periodically determined in a group of ad libitum fed controls) for 131 days. One group received all of its food in 2 meals/day and the other received all of its food in 10-12 meals/day. The two groups did not differ in food intake, body weight, body composition, food efficiency (carcass energy gain per amount of food eaten), or energy expenditure at any time during the study. Both food-restricted groups had a lower food intake, body weight gain, and energy expenditure than a group of ad libitum-fed controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that amount of food eaten, but not the pattern with which it is ingested, has a major influence on energy balance during mild food restriction.

scholarly journals Feeding Response of Tree Fodder Bhimal (Grewia optiva) on Growth Performance of Castrated Male Goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Luma Nidhi Pandey ◽  
Megh Raj Tiwari ◽  
Bishnu Bahadur KC ◽  
Niraj Baskota ◽  
Jagan Nath Banjade
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Grewia Optiva ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

Bhimal (Grewia optiva) is a fodder tree mostly found in mid hills of mid and far western region of Nepal. Bhimal could constitutes one of the main livestock green fodders, especially for goats when fresh green fodder become limited during the winter dry season. However, the feeding value of Bhimal leaves on growth performance of castrated goats probably has not been evaluated so far. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bhimal leaves feeding on growth performance of castrated male goats for 90 days. Altogether 16 growing castrated male goats of same breed, age and body weight were selected and equally divided into four treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 with four replications by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Four types of experimental diets were prepared having various levels (0 to 100%) of Bhimal leaves as fodder. Experimental animals of Treatment 1 were fed with seasonal fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture, Treatment 2 with 100% Bhimal fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture, Treatment 3with 75% Bhimal fodder + 25% seasonal fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture, while Treatment 4 with 50% Bhimal fodder + 50% season fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture. All diets were fed ad-lib and experimental animals had free access to drinking water. The diets offered and refusal was measured daily and weight change was observed fortnightly. The result showed that fodder intake (g/d/animal) and total dry matter intake (TDMI g/kg live weight) of goats differed significantly (P<0.01), but concentrate intake was not differed significantly (P<0.01) among treatments. The highest dry matter intake per animal /day was in Treatment 2 (52.75 g/kg live weight) followed by Treatment 4, Treatment 3 and Treatment 1 (51.7, 48.56 and 32.69 g/kg live weight, respectively).The average daily gain in body weight was observed highest in Treatment 2 (66.66 g/d) followed by Treatment 3 (31.66 g/d) and Treatment 4 (30.83 g). The growth rate was significantly (P<0.01) different among diet groups (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.01 for 60, 75 and 90 days, respectively). In case of the feed conversion ratio, Treatment 2 had best ratio (8.79:1) than Treatment 1 (14.21:1), T3 (17.03:1) and Treatment 4 (18.59:1). The present response study showed that body weight in castrated male goats can be increased significantly (P<0.05) implying that in winter season when other green forages are poorly available goat farming  can be supported by Bhimal fodder tree.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.3 2017: 1-11

Body weight of rats following area postrema ablation: effect of early force-feeding

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (4) ◽  
pp. R939-R945
Author(s):  
N. J. Kenney ◽  
J. N. Kott ◽  
N. Tomoyasu ◽  
A. J. Bhatia ◽  
A. S. Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

This study examined the effect of intragastric force-feeding of a milk diet on body weights of rats with lesions of the area postrema/caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/cmNTS). Force-feeding was conducted over the first 10 days after the ablation. Body weight was monitored both during and after force-feeding. Food intake was measured during all ad libitum feeding periods. During force-feeding, rats with AP/cmNTS lesions gained weight at the same rate as force-fed sham-lesioned rats or sham-lesioned rats that voluntarily ingested an equal amount of the milk. When returned to ad libitum feeding, lesioned rats that had been force-fed were not hypophagic and did not lose weight. Body weights of such rats remained above those of lesioned rats that were not force-fed and similar to those of nonlesioned rats throughout this study. Despite their normal weights, preliminary analysis indicated that body fat of the force-fed lesioned rats may have been reduced. These findings suggest that the effects of AP/cmNTS ablation are multiple and that reduction of body weight need not be the primary effect of such lesions.

scholarly journals Metabolic processes in the small intestine wall, heart and liver in experimental intake of carrageenan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Kopanytsia ◽  
M. I. Marushchak ◽  
A. A. Shcherbatyy
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Free Radical Oxidation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Experimental Animals

Introduction. In the scientific literature there is a large number of publications on the chemical modification of carrageenans, the relationship between the chemical structure and their biological activity, and new opportunities for their usage in medicine. That is whyit is modern to study the properties and the state of organs and systems of the body in case of carrageenan intake.The aim of the study – to learn the indices of metabolic processes in the wall of the small intestine, myocardium and liver of experimental animals using 1% carrageenan solution.Research Methods. The study was carried out on 24 white non-linear male rats. The animals of the experimental group were provided with free access to a 1.0% of carrageenan solution for 1 month. In the selected samples of the small intestine, heart and liver was evaluated the intensity of the processes of lipid peroxidation by the content of hydroperoxides and TBA-active products.Results and Discussion. It was found that the intake of a 1% solution of κ-carrageenan led to activation of lipid peroxidation both in the wall of the small intestine and in the tissues of the liver and myocardium, however, their intensity was different. The lipoperoxidation activity was highest in the small intestine wall, while the hydroperoxides and TBA-active products were less in the myocardial tissues. So, the oral usage of carrageenan in the form of a 1% water solution has a direct and indirect damaging effect on the free radical processes in the body.Conclusions. Oral administration of a 1% carrageenan solution in experimental animals leads to statistically significant activation of free radical oxidation processes in the small intestine wall, heart and liver tissues, characterized by an increase in the content of both primary and secondary products of lipoperoxidation (p<0.05).

PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2209-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lipid Phosphorus ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Adenosine Phosphates ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Male rats weighing 207 ± 2.38 g were exposed to cold (2–3 °C) for a period of 7 days during which urine and faeces were collected daily and analyzed for phosphorus. As a consequence of cold exposure, urinary excretion of phosphorus is increased. With free access to food, the increased food (and hence phosphorus) intake of the animals compensates for the increased urinary excretion and a normal phosphorus balance results. Cold exposure was without significant effect upon blood concentrations of acid-soluble, inorganic, organic, or lipid phosphorus. Increased inorganic and decreased organic, non-lipid phosphorus levels were observed in livers of cold-exposed rats. These observations suggest the breakdown of organic phosphates (e.g. hexose and triose phosphates, adenosine phosphates, phosphocreatine) to inorganic phosphorus.

Effect of rate of ingestion of diet on hexosemonophosphate shunt activity

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 1347-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Cohn ◽  
Dorothy Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Enzymatic Pathways

Young adult male rats either were allowed to eat ad libitum or were force-fed a high carbohydrate diet for 6–7 weeks; the latter animals were given amounts of diet that would "pair-gain" them against the former ones. At the end of the feeding period, the animals were killed and homogenates were made of hepatic and epididymal fat tissue or slices were prepared from the liver. The supernatants of the homogenates were assayed for glucose-6-phosphate (+6-phosphogluconate) dehydrogenase activity; the slices of liver were studied for their ability to oxidize either C-6- or C-1 C14-labeled glucose. The results of both types of measurements indicated that increased use was made of the hexosemonophosphate oxidative shunt by the tissues of the force-fed animals. It is concluded that the rate of ingestion of the diet plays a role in the regulation of traffic over specific enzymatic pathways, when multiple alternate pathways are available.

PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 2209-2214
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lipid Phosphorus ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Adenosine Phosphates ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Male rats weighing 207 ± 2.38 g were exposed to cold (2–3 °C) for a period of 7 days during which urine and faeces were collected daily and analyzed for phosphorus. As a consequence of cold exposure, urinary excretion of phosphorus is increased. With free access to food, the increased food (and hence phosphorus) intake of the animals compensates for the increased urinary excretion and a normal phosphorus balance results. Cold exposure was without significant effect upon blood concentrations of acid-soluble, inorganic, organic, or lipid phosphorus. Increased inorganic and decreased organic, non-lipid phosphorus levels were observed in livers of cold-exposed rats. These observations suggest the breakdown of organic phosphates (e.g. hexose and triose phosphates, adenosine phosphates, phosphocreatine) to inorganic phosphorus.

scholarly journals Sleep Restriction Is Associated With Increased Morning Plasma Leptin Concentrations, Especially in Women

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norah S. Simpson ◽  
Siobhan Banks ◽  
David F. Dinges
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Healthy Participants

Study Objectives: We evaluated the effects of sleep restriction on leptin levels in a large, diverse sample of healthy participants, while allowing free access to food. Methods: Prospective experimental design. After 2 nights of baseline sleep, 136 participants (49% women, 56% African Americans) received 5 consecutive nights of 4 hours time in bed (TIB). Additionally, one subset of participants received 2 additional nights of either further sleep restriction (n = 27) or increased sleep opportunity (n = 37). Control participants (n = 9) received 10 hr TIB on all study nights. Plasma leptin was measured between 10:30 a.m. and 12:00 noon following baseline sleep, after the initial sleep-restriction period, and after 2 nights of further sleep restriction or recovery sleep. Results: Leptin levels increased significantly among sleep-restricted participants after 5 nights of 4 hr TIB (Z = -8.43, p < .001). Increases were significantly greater among women compared to men (Z = -4.77, p < .001) and among participants with higher body mass index (BMI) compared to those with lower (Z = -2.09, p = .036), though participants in all categories (sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and age) demonstrated significant increases. There was also a significant effect of allowed TIB on leptin levels following the 2 additional nights of sleep restriction (p < .001). Participants in the control condition showed no significant changes in leptin levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that sleep restriction with ad libitum access to food significantly increases morning plasma leptin levels, particularly among women.

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