scholarly journals Toxicity assessment of a technical product of the triazole class

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1276-1279
Author(s):  
Valery N. Rakitskii ◽  
Tatiana M. Epishina ◽  
Elena G. Chkhvirkiya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Technical Product ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Toxicological Studies

Introduction. Historically, pesticides are evaluated more strictly from a medical point of view than other chemicals. Since their features, such as deliberate introduction into the environment, the possibility of contact with them by large masses of the population, and the high biological activity determine their potential danger to humans. Purpose of research - study of the biological effect of a technical product derived from triazoles when it is repeatedly ingested orally in mammals (rats), establishment of inactive and active doses, justification of the permissible daily dose (DSD) for humans. Material and methods. In acute experiments, white rats were used, including 6 animals in the group. Tested dose: 500-4000 mg/kg of body weight. A chronic (12 months) experiment was performed on 80 male rats with a bodyweight of 180-190 g at the beginning of the study. Tested doses: 5.0; 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight (1 control and 3 experimental animals, 20 individuals each). In the dynamics of the experiment, we observed the condition and behavior of animals, water, and food consumption, recorded the timing of death, changes in body weight, physiological, biochemical, and hematological indices. Results. Indices of the acute oral toxicity on the studied product LD50 male rats were 2250 ± 483 mg/kg body weight. The dose of 5.0 mg / kg of body weight was not found to cause significant changes in all studied indices. The doses of 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight had a polytropic effect on the body in experimental animals. Discussion. The studied product for the acute oral toxicity refers to low-hazard compounds, the doses of 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight has a polytropic effect on the mammalian body, causing changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism in the body of rats - was accepted as acting. The dose of 5.0 mg / kg of body weight, when administered in rats, there are no changes in all the studied parameters throughout the experiment, is accepted as invalid. Based on the inactive dose-5.0 mg/kg of body weight and taking into account the reserve factor of 100, we have scientifically justified DSD for a person at the level of 0.05 mg/kg. Summary. The conducted sanitary and Toxicological studies indicate the need to assess the toxicity of new technical products to the mammalian body, to increase the reliability of the developed hygiene standards in environmental objects and food products.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the activity of antioxidant enzymes during chronic oral administration of a technical product derived from triazoles in the rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Valery N. Rakitskii ◽  
Elena G. Chkhvirkiya ◽  
Tatiana M. Epishina
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Stress Protein ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Technical Product ◽  
Toxicological Studies

Introduction. Entering the body in various ways, pesticides, being biologically highly active compounds, can pose a real danger to public health, causing changes in non-specific biochemical reactions of metabolism occurring in all living cells. The antioxidant system, represented as a balance of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection (POL - AOZ), is one of the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of these responses. The aim of the study was to study the effect of a technical product (TP), a derivative of triazoles, on the acti-vity of antioxidant enzymes in the rat body, under its repeated oral intake in a chronic 12-month experiment. Material and methods. A chronic (12 months) experiment was performed on male rats with a bodyweight of 200-210 g at the beginning of the study. Tested doses: 5.0, 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight (1 control and 3 experimental groups, 20 individuals each). In the dynamics of the experiment, after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, the state and behavior of animals, water and food consumption were observed. Changes in the enzymatic indices of the body’s antioxidant defense system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were registered. Results. It was found that TP at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg of body weight does not cause significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, doses of 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight cause an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a decrease in the activity of catalase in the body of experimental animals compared to control animals. Discussion. In the conducted chronic experiment, it was found that the studied TP at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg of body weight does not cause significant changes in the activity of the studied antioxidant enzymes in the body of rats. The introduction of TP at doses of 16.0 and 55.0 mg/kg of body weight causes a significant change in the activity of such antioxidant enzymes as SOD and catalase. Our results are consistent with the literature data, according to which the cell quickly reacts to oxidative stress by increasing the activity of SOD, and SOD is considered even as a stress protein synthesized in response to oxidative stress. Conclusions. The conducted research shows the feasibility of studying antioxidant enzymes’ activity in the mammalian body in sanitary and toxicological studies to increase the reliability of the developed hygienic standards of xenobiotics in environmental objects and food products.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PERMISSIBLE DAILY DOSE OF A TECHNICAL PRODUCT DERIVED FROM CHLOROACETAMIDES

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Valery N. Rakitskiy ◽  
E. G. Chkhvirkiya ◽  
T. M. Epishina
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
The State ◽  
Chronic Experiment ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Technical Product ◽  
Daily Dose

Introduction. The scientific basis for the safe use of pesticides are comprehensive sanitary and toxicological studies to study the parameters of their toxicity and biological action, hygienic regulation for the purpose of scientific justification of regulations and safety measures when working with them. Purpose of research. The study of parameters of acute and chronic toxicity, biological actions technical product derived chloracetamide, at oral intake of mammals (rats), the rationale of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for humans. Material and methods of research. In acute experiments used white male rats weighing 210-220 g Tested doses 1000 and 4000 mg/kg of body weight. Statistical group for each dose consisted of 6 animals. Chronic experiment was carried out on male rats with body weight 180-190 g. Doses were tested: 3,5; 17,6 and 70,0 mg/kg body weight. Statistical groups of each dose and control group included 20 animals. In the dynamics of the experiment, the state and behavior of animals, water and food consumption were observed, the terms of death were fixed, changes in body weight, physiological, biochemical and hematological parameters were recorded. The value of the permissible daily dose was determined by the ratio of the maximum inactive dose to the reserve ratio. Results. As a result of the research it was found that LD50 of the studied compound is 2172 ± 370 mg/kg. In the chronic experiment, the dose of 3.5 mg/kg b.w. does not cause significant changes in all the studied parameters, at a dose of 17.6 mg/kg b.w. single changes, the dose of 70.0 mg/kg. had a polytropic effect on the body of experimental animals. Discussion. The studied technical product for acute oral toxicity refers to low-hazard compounds. It was found that multiple oral intake of the studied product at a dose of 70.0 mg/kg weight body revealed changes in the state of the Central nervous system, and the analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters of blood showed that changes in carbohydrate, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, aminobelic metabolism occur in animals. Conclusions. The studied compound for acute oral toxicity according to the hygienic classification of pesticides (SanPiN 1.2.2584-10) belongs to the 4th hazard class. Dose: 70,0 mg/kg weight body - acting; 17,6 mg/kg weight body - threshold; 3.5 mg/kg weight body - inactive. The permissible daily dose (DSD) for a person is 0.035 mg/kg.

Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Asiasari radix Extract in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ramesh ◽  
K. Lee ◽  
H. W. Lee ◽  
S. J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Icr Mice

Acute oral toxicity of methanol extract of Asiasari radix was evaluated in ICR mice of both sexes. In this study, mice were administrated orally with dosages of 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight of Asiasari radix extract. Mortality, signs of toxicity, body weight, food consumption, and gross findings were observed for 14 days post treatment of Asiasari radix extract. No mortality, signs of toxicity, and abnormalities in gross findings were observed. In addition, no significant differences were noticed in the body and organ weights between the control and treated groups of both sexes. These results show that the methanol extract of Asiasari radix is toxicologically safe by oral administration.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL KEMBANG SEPATU (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) TERHADAP JUMLAH SPERMATOZOA, BERAT BADAN, DAN BERAT TESTIS TIKUS JANTAN WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Nabila S Petta ◽  
Edwin De Queljoe ◽  
Rooije R.H. Rumende
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL KEMBANG SEPATU (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) TERHADAP JUMLAH SPERMATOZOA, BERAT BADAN, DAN       BERAT TESTIS TIKUS JANTAN WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus)ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol kembang sepatu terhadap jumlah spermatozoa tikus jantan wistar (Rattus norvegicus). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih jantan galur wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang dibagi atas beberapa kelompok dimana kelompok 1 sebagai kelompok kontrol tanpa perlakuan, kelompok 2, 3 dan 4 sebagai kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis secara berturut-turut 3,6 mg/ml; 7,2 mg/ml; dan 14,4 mg/ml. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral sekali sehari sebanyak 1 ml selama 50 hari sesuai siklus spermatogenesis. Variabel yang diamati yakni jumlah sel spermatozoa, berat badan, dan berat testis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol kembang sepatu dapat menurunkan jumlah sel spermatozoa, serta menyebabkan adanya perbedaan berat badan dan berat testis namun, berdasarkan hasil analisis varians, ekstrak etanol daun kembang sepatu tidak dapat menurunkan jumlah sel spermatozoa, berat badan dan berat testis tikus putih jantan galur wistar (Rattus norvegicus) secara signifikan.Kata Kunci: Sel spermatozoa, Kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.),                    Tikus jantan Wistar (Rattus novergicus) THE INFLUENCE OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACTS  OF GRANTING HIBISCUS (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L.) AGAINST THE NUMBER OF SPERMATOZOA, WEIGHT AND THE WEIGHT OF THE TESTES MALE WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus) ABSTRACTThis research’s objective is to know the influence of injecting ethanol extract from a hibiscus into a number of common male rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research uses the approach of complete randomized design (CRD) onto 24 common white rats (Rattus norvegicus) that is divided into groups, where group 1’s approach is control without treatment, groups 2, 3, and 4’s approach is with treatment, with consecutive doses being 3.6 mg/ml; 7.2 mg/ml; and 14.4 mg/ml.  The treatment is induced orally as large as 1cc per day for a total of 50 days following the spermatogenesis cycle. The variables that are being observed are the amount of spermatozoon cells, body weight, and testicle weight. The results of this research indicates that ethanol extract from hibiscuses, from a quantity perspective, can decrease spermatozoon cells, and it may also influence the body weight and testicle weight of the subject, in this case are common rats (Rattus norvegicus) but, from the mathematical results from Analysis Of Variance, ethanol extract from the leaves of a hibiscus cannot decrease the amount of spermatozoon, body weight, and testicle weight  of a common white rat (Rattus norvegicus).Keywords: Spermatozoon Cells, Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), Common (white) rat (Rattus novergicus)

scholarly journals Acute Oral Toxicity of the Supramolecular Complex Based on Albendazole and Triclabendazole (Altric-Extra) in Laboratory Outbred Mice and Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Lagereva ◽  
Vladislav E. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Outbred Mice

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the acute toxicity of Altric-Extra when introduced into the stomach to mice and rats. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants. The acute toxicity of Altric-Extra was determined on 20 white outbred male mice weighing 19.3–23.3 g, 10 animals in a group and on 30 white outbred male rats weighing 150–196 g, 6 animals in a group. Altric-Extra was administered to mice of the experimental group once into the stomach in the form of a suspension in a dose of 5,986 mg/kg at the rate of 0.2 ml/10 g of body weight. Altric-Extra rats were also administered once into the stomach in the form of a suspension at the rate of 2.0 ml/100 g body weight. As a carrier in the preparation of the suspension, 1% starch gel was used. The experimental rats of groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were given Altric-Extra at doses of 4,580.2 mg/kg, 3,846.2; 3,088.8 and 1,577.9 mg/ kg respectively. Mice and rats of the control groups were administered once with 1% starch gel. For 14 days, the behavior and condition of the animals was monitored. The body weight of the experimental animals was measured on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 9th and 14th days of the experiment. Results and discussion. Medium lethal doses of LD50 have been established for oral administration to laboratory animals. For mice, the LD50 was more than 5 986 mg/kg, i.e., according to the generally accepted hygienic classification, Altrick-Extra belongs to hazard class 4 (low-hazard substances). On rats, the LD50 was 3 103.1±48.5 mg/kg (2,354.6÷3,851.5 mg/kg). Therefore, Altrik-Extra belongs to hazard class 3 (substances are moderately hazardous).

scholarly journals The toxicity of the technical product, derived triazolinones

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery N. Rakitskii ◽  
E.G. Chkhvirkiya ◽  
T.M. Epishina
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Technical Product

Introduction. Technical products that are part of pesticides recommended for use in agriculture must undergo a comprehensive sanitary and Toxicological examination, which is the basis for preventing the adverse effects of pesticides on the health of workers and the population, as well as on the sanitary state of the environment. Purpose of research - the study of the biological effect of the technical product derived triazolinthionov, with its repeated oral intake in mammals (rats), justification of the permissible daily dose (DSD) for humans. Material and methods. Chronic (12 months) experiment was conducted on male rats with a body weight of 200-210 g tested doses: 5.0; 50.0 and 500.0 mg/kg body weight (1 control and 3 experimental groups and 20 individuals each). In the dynamics of the experiment, we observed the condition and behavior of animals, water and food consumption, fixed the timing of death, recorded changes in body weight, physiological, biochemical and hematological parameters. Results. It was found that the dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight does not cause significant changes in all studied parameters, doses of 50.0 and 500.0 mg/kg body weight had a polytropic effect on the body of experimental animals. Discussion. The studied technical product at repeated intake in doses of 50,0 and 500,0 mg/kg of body weight causes changes in the state of the Central nervous system of animals (statistically significant changes in SPP, total activity, path length, rest time), as well as changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism in the body, as evidenced by statistically significant changes in biochemical and hematological indicators. Consequently, doses of 50,0 and 500,0 mg/kg of body weight have a polytropic effect on the body of male rats and are effective. The dose of 5.0 mg/kg of body weight, when administered in animals of the experimental group in comparison with animals of the control group, there are no changes in all the studied parameters throughout the experiment, is accepted as invalid. On the basis of an inactive dose of 5.0 mg/kg of body weight and a reserve factor of 100, we have scientifically justified DSD for humans at the level of 0.05 mg/kg. Conclusion. Studies have shown that long-term repeated oral administration of the studied product into the body of animals (male rats) at a dose of 5.0 mg per 1 kg of body weight does not cause statistically significant changes in all the studied parameters, so the indicated dose is invalid. Doses of 50,0 and 500,0 mg/kg MT have a polytropic effect on the body of male rats and are effective. DSD for humans at the level of 0.05 mg/kg is justified based on the inactive dose at the level of 5.0 mg per 1 kg of body weight, established in a 12-month chronic experiment conducted on male rats, and the reserve coefficient of 100 (taking into account the unexpressed specific and long-term effects).

Toxicity Evaluation, HET-CAM Irritation, and Anti-Irritant Potential of Rice Bran Wax Policosanol Nanoemulsion

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 44-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminu Ishaka ◽  
Maznah Ismail ◽  
Mustapha Umar Imam ◽  
Rozi Mahmud ◽  
Ismaila Muhammad Sani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Rice Bran Wax ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Limit Test

Policosanol, a mixture of long-chain alcohols found in animal and plant waxes, has several biological effects. However, it has a bioavailability of less than 10%. One of the ways of improving bioavailability is by nanoemulsion formulation. We developed rice bran wax policosanol nanoemulsion (npol) using high-pressure homogenization. Even though earlier toxicological studies did not show policosanol-related toxicity, it is an essential part of the development of the therapeutic formulation to evaluate its toxicity status. In this study, in vitro, in vivo toxicity, and irritation and anti-irritation potential of the npol were evaluated. 3T3-L1 cells and Sprague Dawley rats were treated with npol in the in vitro and acute oral toxicity tests; while the Hen’s Egg Test Chorio-Allantoic membrane (HET-CAM) was used to test for its irritation and anti-irritation potential. npol at 2mg/mL showed lower toxicity to 3T3-L1 cells by MTT assay compared to the same concentration of policosanol after 24 (60 and 50% viabilities), 48 (62 and 58% viabilities), and 72 (110 and 89% viabilities) hours, respectively. npol was non-irritant and has slightly anti-irritant potential based on the HET-CAM test. There was also no significant toxicity to a limit test dose of 40 ml/Kg body weight of npol (containing 2000 mg/Kg body weight of policosanol) in acute oral toxicity test on Sprague-Dawly rats. The results suggest that policosanol nanoemulsion is a safe formulation devoid of toxicity and irritation potential.

scholarly journals Histopathological alterations in testicular tissue of male rats exposed to arsenic

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Reema Pachnanda ◽  
Shiv Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Testicular Weight

The present study was designed to investigate the adverse effect of arsenic on testicular tissue of Swiss albino male rats. Sodium arsenite was administered to adult male rats by gavage at the doses 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. After the treatment, the testis were processed for histopathological observations. Sodium arsenite caused remarkable reduction in testicular weight (P<0.05), while the body weight of experimental animals were reduced but not significantly (P<0.05). Histological evaluation revealed dose-dependent, gradual destruction in histoarchitecture of testicular tissue. Sodium arsenite exposure caused complete arrest of spermatogenesis with disfigured seminiferous tubules in the testes .The lumens of the tubules were devoid of spermatids and were in places filled with cellular debris. The germinal epithelium was distorted. At places interstitial odema was also evident. Sertoli and Leydig cells were damaged. Along with structural alterations, fertility rate in experimental animals was significantly decreased at higher doses i.e. 2 and 3 mg/kg, as 100% infertility was observed. After withdrawal of the treatment over a period of 30 days, recovery was observed in low dose groups as few female rats became pregnant. The study concluded that exposure of arsenic causes testicular toxicity in male albino rat.

STUDY OF TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DISINFECTANT ASTRADEZ BIOXY IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-504
Author(s):  
Galina I. Pavlenko ◽  
◽  
Vasiliy I. Dorozhkin ◽  
Galina V. Filipenkova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impact ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
White Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Toxic Compound ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Negative Effect

The article presents the results of toxicological studies, investigated the cumulative properties of disinfectant Astradez Bioxy, as well as its effect on the body of experimental animals: white male rats and white mice. It has been established that disinfectant Astradez Bioxy is a moderately toxic compound (3rd hazard class), does not have a negative effect on the body of animals and can be used for disinfection in veterinary practice. According to the degree on human impact Astradez Bioxy belongs to the 4th class of low-hazard substances.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Toxicological Studies of Bridelia micrantha [Berth] and Mitracarpus villosus [Swartz] DC Extracts used as Biofumigant Against Stored Produce Insect Pests on Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽  
◽  
Thomas Inomisan Ofuya ◽  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Yallappa Rajashekar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Background: In recent years, plant materials have been widely explored as sources of insect pest control agents with little or no study on their toxicity. The present study aimed to detect the biochemical alterations in liver and kidney associated with acute oral toxicity of the extracts of B. micrantha and M. villosus in albino rats. Methods: Twenty seven albino rats, weighing between 150-180g were used and divided into nine groups of three rats each, administered with different doses of each extracts (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000mg/kg). The plasma and homogenates of liver and kidney of the rats were investigated for the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALT), total protein, urea and creatinine, using standard laboratory kits. Results: The administration of either extract did not cause death or any hazardous symptoms of acute toxicity, nor resulted in any evident changes in the body weight. However, the extracts caused significant decreases in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total protein, urea and creatinine in biochemical parameters. They also caused a significant decrease in the serum parameters of treated rats’ liver and kidney at all doses. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the oral administration of B. micrantha ethyl acetate extract and of M. villosus petroleum ether extract may be considered as moderately free of toxicity. This was based on our findings that two compounds were moderately safe with respects to their effects on the liver and kidney functions at concentrations of up to 2000 mg/kg body weight of the rats.

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