Thermal influence of sunshine and clothing on men walking in humid heat

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Craig ◽  
E. G. Cummings

For two men walking on a treadmill and wearing two layers of permeable clothing, the same physiological strain measured by the rate of increase in mean body temperature could be produced a) next to a building outdoors in the sunshine with an average air temperature of 85 F and humidity of 20 mm Hg and b) indoors with the same humidity and an air temperature 10 F higher. Under these conditions, the underwear was mainly wet with sweat and the outer layer was mainly dry. In comparable indoor tests on a third subject, the temperature of the underwear approached equilibrium 1 or 2 F lower than the temperature of the skin at air temperatures of 85 and 115 F. The error in calculating clothing insulation introduced by assuming the clothing to be dry is determined by the size and direction of the temperature gradient between skin and air. Adding 10 F to the indoor air temperature does not duplicate all the effects of sunshine. Submitted on September 15, 1961

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Taebnia ◽  
Sander Toomla ◽  
Lauri Leppä ◽  
Jarek Kurnitski

Indoor ice rink arenas are among the foremost consumers of energy within building sector due to their exclusive indoor conditions. A single ice rink arena may consume energy of up to 3500 MWh annually, indicating the potential for energy saving. The cooling effect of the ice pad, which is the main source for heat loss, causes a vertical indoor air temperature gradient. The objective of the present study is twofold: (i) to study vertical temperature stratification of indoor air, and how it impacts on heat load toward the ice pad; (ii) to investigate the energy performance of air handling units (AHU), as well as the effects of various AHU layouts on ice rinks’ energy consumption. To this end, six AHU configurations with different air-distribution solutions are presented, based on existing arenas in Finland. The results of the study verify that cooling energy demand can significantly be reduced by 38 percent if indoor temperature gradient approaches 1 °C/m. This is implemented through air distribution solutions. Moreover, the cooling energy demand for dehumidification is decreased to 59.5 percent through precisely planning the AHU layout, particularly at the cooling coil and heat recovery sections. The study reveals that a more customized air distribution results in less stratified indoor air temperature.


1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stubbs ◽  
Adrian Hailey ◽  
Elizabeth Pulford

AbstractThe mean body temperature of T. hermanni in woodland in France was 28.5 °C (August 1981). Body temperatures were elevated above air temperature and indirect evidence for basking and selection of an optimal microenvironment is discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Raimo Simson ◽  
Taaniel Rebane ◽  
Martin Kiil ◽  
Martin Thalfeldt ◽  
Jarek Kurnitski

In this study we analysed the climatic conditions for infiltration estimation, different calculation methods and infiltration impact on heat load for heating systems dimensioning. To determine the wind conditions at low air temperatures of the coastal- and inland climatic zones in Estonia, 42 years of climatic data for Tallinn and Tartu were investigated. Calculation models with detailed air leakages were constructed of a single and two-storey detached house using dynamic simulation software IDA ICE. Simulations were carried out with the constructed calculation models, simulating various wind and sheltering conditions to determine the heating load of the buildings under measured wind conditions at the design external air temperatures. The simulation results were compared with results calculated with European Standard EN 12831:2017, methodology given in the Estonian regulation for calculating energy performance of buildings and with simulations using the default settings in IDA ICE based on the ASHRAE design day conditions. The percentage of heat losses caused by infiltration was found as 13-16% of all heat losses for the studied buildings. Simulations with historical climate periods showed that even in windy weather conditions the heating system dimensioned by the methods analysed may not be able to provide the required indoor air temperature. Analysis using the coldest and windiest periods showed that when systems are dimensioned by the studied methods, the highest decline in indoor air temperature occurs on the windiest day and not on the coldest day. The impact of high wind speeds and low sheltering conditions resulted up to 50% of all heat losses.


2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Joudi ◽  
Mathias Cehlin ◽  
Harald Svedung ◽  
Mats Rönnelid ◽  
Bahram Moshfegh

Radiative properties of interior surfaces can affect not only the building heat flux but also the indoor environment, the latter of which has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of surface emissivity on indoor air and surface temperature distributions in a test cabin with reflective interior surfaces. This was done by comparing experimental and simulation data of the test cabin with that of a normal cabin. This study employs transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using re-normalisation group (RNG) k– ε model, surface-to-surface radiation model and an enhanced wall function. Boundary conditions were assigned to exterior surfaces under variable outdoor conditions. The numerical and the measurement results indicate that using interior reflective surfaces will affect the indoor air temperature distribution by increasing the vertical temperature gradient depending on the time of the day. CFD simulations with high spatial resolution results show increased interior surface temperature gradients consistent with the increased vertical air temperature gradient. The influence of reflective surfaces is potentially greater with higher indoor surface temperature asymmetry. The vertical indoor air temperature gradient and surface temperatures are important parameters for indoor thermal comfort.


1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-808
Author(s):  
Yvan Pelletier ◽  
Gilles Bélanger

AbstractThe effect of light intensity and wind speed on the body temperature of larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) was studied in the laboratory. At a light intensity of 0.95 kW m−2 and without wind, the body temperature of larvae and adults was respectively 9.3 and 18.2 °C higher than air temperature. The temperature difference between the body temperature of larvae and adults and the air temperature increased linearly with an increase in light intensity. Wind speed had an important effect on the rate of increase of the body temperature as a function of light intensity in both larvae and adults. Our results demonstrated that the energy balance of larvae and adults differs.


Behaviour ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 250-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Sherry

AbstractFew newly hatched birds are capable of maintaining a stable elevated body temperature at air temperatures encountered in the wild. The brooding behaviour of young red junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) and the changes in brooding that occur with the development of homeothermy were examined to determine the importance of thermal factors in parent-young contact. A fall in cooling rate and a rise in body temperature occur in junglefowl chicks in the days following hatching, and the young spend less time in contact with the hen as these changes occur. The length of brooding bouts is jointly determined by air temperature and the age of the young. Additional brooding at low air temperatures did not affect feeding by the parent or young. The general features of chick brooding persist when the hen is replaced with a model with brood patches at a temperature normal for maternal junglefowl. Brooding and huddling with other young are alternative thermoregulatory strategies. Behavioural thermoregulation by the young accounted for most features of contact between parent and young. Termination of brooding by the parent and reduction of chick heat loss by changes in parental posture may also influence brooding. Reliance on behavioural thermoregulation may permit development in a wide range of thermal environments.


Author(s):  
S. D. Stupski ◽  
R. J. Schilder

A key challenge for linking experiments of organisms performed in a laboratory environment to their performance in more complex environments is to determine thermal differences between a laboratory and the energetically complex terrestrial ecosystem. Studies performed in the laboratory do not account for many factors that contribute to the realized temperature of an organism in its natural environment. This can lead to modelling approaches that use experimentally derived data to erroneously link the air temperature in a laboratory to air temperatures in energetically heterogenous ecosystems. Traditional solutions to this classic problem assume that animals in an isotropic, isothermal chamber behave either as pure heterothermic ectotherms (body temperature=chamber temperature) or homeothermic endotherms (body temperature is entirely independent of chamber temperature). This approach may not be appropriate for endothermic insects which exist as an intermediate between strongly thermoregulating endotherms and purely thermoconforming species. Here we use a heat budget modelling approach for the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., to demonstrate that the unique physiology of endothermic insects may challenge many assumptions of traditional biophysical modelling approaches. We then demonstrate under modeled field realistic scenarios that an experiment performed in a laboratory has the potential to both overestimate and underestimate the temperature of foraging bees when only air temperature is considered.


2021 ◽  
Vol 335 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Teoh Zhi Heng ◽  
Abudulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi ◽  
Chin Wai Meng ◽  
Kenny James Ling Neng Hui

Heat Recovery Ventilator (VHR) is widely used nowadays as it is capable to maintain high Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) while minimizing the energy loss of indoor air through air-to-air heat exchanger principle. The main component that enables VHR to perform air-to-air heat exchange is known as Paper Heat Exchanger (PP-HEX). Hence, the objective of this research is to study and analyse the performance of a PP-HEX under different return and outdoor air temperatures as well as their effect on both enthalpy and temperature exchange efficiency. Moreover, some numerical models of VHR have been developed to optimize some complex cases and the numerical models are meant to reduce the physical experiments to analyze or improve complex cases in the future. To the best of the authors knowledge, there is no experimental data available from any sources to validate the numerical models. To address this issue, two different supplies of PP-HEX are tested with an actual VHR, and both PP-HEXs will be referred to as PP-HEX-A and PP-HEX-B due to confidentiality. Furthermore, the testing is conducted in a temperature-controlled testing laboratory and the testing conditions are set according to the ISO standard. The preliminary testing results show that the temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency of the PP-HEXs have the same trends while the outdoor air temperature is fixed and varying the temperature of indoor air. In contrary, the temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency of the PP-HEXs have the same trends while the indoor air temperature is fixed and varying the temperature of outdoor air as well. With the default voltage supplies (240V) to VHR and the setup conditions (according to the ISO Standard) of return air to be 27°C and outdoor air to be 35°C, the testing results show that PP-HEX-A has a temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency with a range of (37.97 – 40.28) % and (30.77 – 57.81) % respectively. While PP-HEX-B has a temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency with a range of (35.29 – 42.5) % and (39.6 – 55.93) % respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 881 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
Wenny Arminda ◽  
Widi Dwi Satria ◽  
Maqbul Kamaruddin ◽  
M. Shoful Ulum

Abstract Lecture building is one of the important facilities in supporting the success of the teaching and learning process. The lecture room should be thermally comfortable and has a low risk of disease transmission. In adapting to the Covid-19 pandemic, attention to prevent disease transmission is necessary to the safety of students and lecturers while staying on campus. This study aims to propose a new concept design related to the arrangement of indoor layouts that minimize the crowds and reducing indoor air temperatures due to exposure to solar radiation on the east-west side of the building. The research was conducted by observing human movement patterns and measuring indoor air temperature and surface façade temperature adjacent to the outside environment. The results obtained that the average indoor air temperature was in the range between 28.8 - 33.2 °C, with a surface temperature on the east-west side, reaching 39.1 °C. The new design proposed the concept of one-way access by separating vertical and horizontal circulation, additional corridors, and rearranging the layout of lecture rooms to distinguish in-out access to minimize contact physical contact between building users.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. McKechnie ◽  
Gerhard Körtner ◽  
Barry G. Lovegrove

Abstract In White-backed Mousebirds (Colius colius), clustering is an important component of rest-phase thermoregulation, particularly at low air temperature. We tested predictions concerning thermoregulation under natural conditions by recording rest-phase body temperature in a flock of free-ranging White-backed Mousebirds in an arid habitat during winter in the Karoo, South Africa. We found that the mousebirds' rest-phase body temperature was relatively labile, but was generally maintained above 32°C, despite air temperatures as low as −3.4°C. Patterns of rest-phase body temperature were highly synchronized among individuals within the cluster. The mousebirds showed no evidence of torpor under natural conditions; a shallow departure from normothermy, during which body temperature was reduced to 29–33°C, was observed on only one occasion. The observed patterns of thermoregulation supported our predictions, and confirm that thermoregulation in clustering White-backed Mousebirds in the wild is significantly different from that of single birds under laboratory conditions. Termorregulación en la Fase de Reposo en Individuos de Colius colius que se Desplazan Libremente Resumen. En Colius colius, la agregación es un componente importante de la termorregulación en la fase de reposo, particularmente a temperaturas bajas del aire. Examinamos predicciones relacionadas con la termorregulación en condiciones naturales registrando la temperatura corporal en la fase de reposo en una bandada de individuos de C. colius que se desplazan libremente durante el invierno en un ambiente árido en el Karoo, Sudáfrica. Encontramos que la temperatura corporal de la fase de reposo de C. colius fue relativamente lábil, pero fue mantenida generalmente por arriba de los 32°C, a pesar de temperaturas del aire tan bajas como −3.4°C. Los patrones de temperatura corporal de la fase de reposo estuvieron altamente sincronizados entre individuos dentro del agrupamiento. C. colius no mostró evidencia de torpor bajo condiciones naturales. En una única ocasión se observó un pequeño desvío de la normotermia, durante la cual la temperatura corporal fue reducida a 29–33°C. Los patrones de termorregulación observados apoyaron nuestras predicciones y confirmaron que la termorregulación en agrupamientos silvestres de C. colius es significativamente diferente de la de aves solitarias bajo condiciones de laboratorio.


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