Effects of prolonged exercise in highly trained traumatic paraplegic men

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Gass ◽  
E. M. Camp
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Post Hoc

This study investigated the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to prolonged wheelchair exercise in a group of highly trained, traumatic paraplegic men. Six endurance-trained subjects with spinal cord lesions from T10 to T12/L3 underwent a maximal incremental exercise test in which they propelled their own track wheelchairs on a motor-driven treadmill to exhaustion to determine maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) and related variables. One week later each subject exercised in the same wheelchair on a motorized treadmill at 60–65% of VO2max for 80 min in a thermoneutral environment (dry bulb 22 degrees C, wet bulb 17 degrees C). Approximately 10 ml of venous blood were withdrawn both 20 min and immediately before exercise (0 min), after 40 and 80 min of exercise, and 20 min postexercise. Venous blood was analyzed for hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and lactate, and the separated plasma was analyzed for glucose, K+, Na+, Cl-, free fatty acid (FFA), and osmolality. VO2, CO2 production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (R), net efficiency, and wheelchair strike rate were determined at four intervals throughout the exercise period. Data were analyzed with an analysis of variance repeated-measures design and a Scheffe post hoc test. VO2max was 47.5 +/- 1.8 (SE) ml.min-1.kg-1 with maximal VE BTPS and maximal heart rate (HR) being 100.1 +/- 3.8 l/min and 190 +/- 1 beats/min, respectively. During prolonged exercise there were no significant changes in VO2, VCO2, VE, R, net efficiency, wheelchair strike rate, and lactate, glucose, and Na+ concentrations. Significant increases occurred in HR, FFA, K+, Cl-, osmolality, Hb, and Hct throughout exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Hippotherapy—An Intervention to Habilitate Balance Deficits in Children With Movement Disorders: A Clinical Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie J. Silkwood-Sherer ◽  
Clyde B. Killian ◽  
Toby M. Long ◽  
Kathy S. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Friedman Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Balance Problems

Background Clinical observations have suggested that hippotherapy may be an effective strategy for habilitating balance deficits in children with movement disorders. However, there is limited research to support this notion. Objective The purposes of this study were to assess the effectiveness of hippotherapy for the management of postural instability in children with mild to moderate balance problems and to determine whether there is a correlation between balance and function. Design A repeated-measures design for a cohort of children with documented balance deficits was used. Methods Sixteen children (9 boys and 7 girls) who were 5 to 16 years of age and had documented balance problems participated in this study. Intervention consisted of 45-minute hippotherapy sessions twice per week for 6 weeks. Two baseline assessments and 1 postintervention assessment of balance, as measured with the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), and of function, as measured with the Activities Scale for Kids—Performance (ASKp), were performed. Results With the Friedman analysis of variance, the PBS and the ASKp were found to be statistically significant across all measurements (P<.0001 for both measures). Post hoc analysis revealed a statistical difference between baseline and postintervention measures (P≤.017). This degree of difference resulted in large effect sizes for PBS (d=1.59) and ASKp (d=1.51) scores after hippotherapy. A Spearman rho correlation of .700 indicated a statistical association between PBS and ASKp postintervention scores (P=.003). There was no correlation between the change in PBS scores and the change in ASKp scores (rs=.13, P>.05). Limitations Lack of a control group and the short duration between baseline assessments are study limitations. Conclusions The findings suggest that hippotherapy may be a viable strategy for reducing balance deficits and improving the performance of daily life skills in children with mild to moderate balance problems.

Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2362-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gore ◽  
R. T. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Male Subjects

Data are reported on the net recovery O2 consumption (VO2) for nine male subjects (mean age 21.9 yr, VO2max 63.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, body fat 10.6%) used in a 3 (independent variables: intensities of 30, 50, and 70% VO2max) x 3 (independent variables: durations of 20, 50, and 80 min) repeated measures design (P less than or equal to 0.05). The 8-h mean excess postexercise O2 consumptions (EPOCs) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 1.01, 1.43, and 1.04 liters at 30% VO2max (6.8 km/h); 3.14, 5.19, and 6.10 liters at 50% VO2max (9.5 km/h); and 5.68, 10.04, and 14.59 liters at 70% VO2max (13.4 km/h). The mean net total O2 costs (NTOC = net exercise VO2 + EPOC) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 20.48, 53.20, and 84.23 liters at 30% VO2max; 38.95, 100.46, and 160.59 liters at 50% VO2max; and 58.30, 147.48, and 237.17 liters at 70% VO2max. The nine EPOCs ranged only from 1.0 to 8.9% of the NTOC (mean 4.8%) of the exercise. These data, therefore, indicate that in well-trained subjects the 8-h EPOC per se comprises a very small percentage of the NTOC of exercise.

Comparison of music stimuli to support mindfulness meditation

2019 ◽  
pp. 030573561987849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbey L Dvorak ◽  
Eugenia Hernandez-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Harmonic Progression ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of and preference for different auditory stimuli in supporting mindfulness meditation. Undergraduate non-musicians ( N = 57) listened to four different auditory stimuli guiding them in a mindfulness meditation: script only (i.e., Script), steady beat (i.e., Beat), beat and harmonic progression (i.e., Harmony), and beat, harmony, and melody (i.e., Melody). This study used a within-subjects repeated-measures design with the four conditions counterbalanced and randomized across participants. Participants rated responses using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), completed the Absorption in Music Scale (AIMS), and ranked auditory stimuli according to preference and usefulness for mindfulness meditation. A repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the MAAS scores, using the AIMS as a covariate, indicated no statistically significant difference between auditory stimuli. However, with the AIMS removed, the analysis revealed significant differences between stimuli, indicating that levels of absorption in music may moderate participants’ responses to auditory stimuli for mindfulness meditation. Friedman analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and post hoc analyses indicated that participant rankings of usefulness and preference were significantly different among conditions, with the Melody and Harmony conditions ranked highest.

Rectal and rectal vs. esophageal temperatures in paraplegic men during prolonged exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2265-2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Gass ◽  
E. M. Camp ◽  
E. R. Nadel ◽  
T. H. Gwinn ◽  
P. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Homogeneous Group ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Wheelchair Propulsion ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Temperature Changes

This study investigated the rectal (Tre), esophageal (Tes), and skin (Tsk) temperature changes in a group of trained traumatic paraplegic men pushing their own wheelchairs on a motor-driven treadmill for a prolonged period in a neutral environment. There were two experiments. The first experiment (Tre and Tsk) involved a homogeneous group (T10-T12/L3) of highly trained paraplegic men [maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) 47.5 +/- 1.8 ml.kg-1.min-1] exercising for 80 min at 60–65% VO2max.Tre and Tsk (head, arm, thigh, and calf) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout. O2 uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), CO2 production (VCO2), and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four intervals. During experiment 1 significant changes in HR and insignificant changes in VCO2, VE, and VO2 occurred throughout prolonged exercise. Tre increased significantly from 37.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C (rest) to 37.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C after 80 min of exercise. There were only significant changes in arm Tsk. Experiment 2 involved a nonhomogeneous group (T5-T10/T11) of active paraplegics (VO2max 39.9 +/- 4.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) exercising at 60–65% VO2max for up to 45 min on the treadmill while Tre and Tes were simultaneously recorded. Tes rose significantly faster than Tre during exercise (dT/dt 20 min: Tes 0.050 +/- 0.003 degrees C/min and Tre 0.019 +/- 0.005 degrees C/min), and Tes declined significantly faster than Tre at the end of exercise. Tes was significantly higher than Tre at the end of exercise. Our results suggest that during wheelchair propulsion by paraplegics, Tes may be a better estimate of core temperature than Tre.

scholarly journals No change in oxytocin level before a human intergroup competition: study among Polish players before rugby and handball matches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomir Koziel ◽  
Marek Kociuba ◽  
Zofia Ignasiak ◽  
Andrzej Rokita ◽  
Ireneusz Cichy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Competition Study ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
Oxytocin Level

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to assess the changes in urinary oxytocin concentration during the period between five days before, and on the day of match, among rugby and handball players.MethodsThe study used a repeated measures design with the relative oxytocin level as the outcome variable measured at two subsequent points of time, viz., on five days before as well as on the days of matches. Nine male rugby players with a mean age of 27.62 years (SD = 4.21) and 18 male handball players with a mean age of 17.03 years (SD = 0.57) participated. Urinary oxytocin level was measured by ELISA immunoassay as a ratio to the concentration of creatinine [mg/ml] measured through colorimetric detection. Differences in oxytocin level were assessed by ANOVA with repeated measurements.ResultsThe OT/CRE levels significantly differed between the type of player (rugby or handball) but not between times of measurements. Tukey’s post-hoc tests revealed that significant differences were only between OT/CRE level in a day of match in rugby players and in 5 days before match in handball players (p<0.05).ConclusionThere was no change in oxytocin levels during the time periods between five days before and on the day of a match, in either of the two kinds of players. The change in oxytocin might be traceable during the match but not before a match and thus perhaps depends on a more subtle context of competition, but not on the assumption of competition.

scholarly journals A new breakfast cereal containing guar gum reduces postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in normal-weight human subjects

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Fairchild ◽  
P. R. Ellis ◽  
A. J. Byrne ◽  
S. D. Luzio ◽  
M. A. Mir
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

A new guar-containing wheatflake product was developed to assess its effect on carbohydrate tolerance in normal-weight, healthy subjects. The extruded wheatflake breakfast cereals containing 0 (control) or approximately 90 g guar gum/kg DM were fed to ten fasting, normal-weight, healthy subjects using a repeated measures design. The meals were similar in energy (approximately 1·8 MJ), available carbohydrate (78 g), protein (15 g) and fat (5·4 g) content. The guar gum content of the test meals was 6·3 g. Venous blood samples were taken fasting and at 15, 30, 45,60, 90, 120, 150 and 240 min after commencing each breakfast and analysed for plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide. The guar wheafflake meal produced a significant main effect for glucose and insulin at 0-60 min and 0-240 min time intervals respectively, but not for the C-peptide levels compared with the control meal. Significant reductions in postprandial glucose and insulin responses were seen following the guar wheatflake meal compared with the control meal at 15 and 60 min (glucose) and 15, 60, 90 and 120 min (insulin). The 60 and 120 min areas under the curve for glucose and insulin were significantly reduced by the guar gum meal, as was the 240 min area under the curve for insulin. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of a severe method of heat extrusion to produce guar wheatflakes does not diminish the physiological activity of the guar gum.

Effects of NO2 alone and in combination with O3 on young men and women

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1698-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Adams ◽  
K. A. Brookes ◽  
E. S. Schelegle
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Pulmonary Dysfunction ◽  
Subjective Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Female Responses

Previous studies of 2 h of exposure to NO2 at high urban atmospheric levels (i.e., 0.50–1.0 ppm), utilizing light-to-moderate exercise for up to 1 h have failed to demonstrate significant pulmonary dysfunction in healthy humans. To test the hypothesis that heavy sustained exercise would elicit pulmonary dysfunction on exposure to 0.60 ppm NO2 and/or enhance the effects of exposure to 0.30 ppm O3, 40 aerobically trained young adults (20 males and 20 females) completed 1 h of continuous exercise at work rates eliciting a mean minute ventilation of 70 and 50 l/min for the males and females, respectively. Exposures to filtered air, 0.60 ppm NO2, 0.30 ppm O3, and 0.60 ppm NO2 plus 0.30 ppm O3 were randomly delivered via an obligatory mouthpiece inhalation system. Treatment effects were assessed by standard pulmonary function tests and exercise ventilatory and subjective symptoms response. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and post hoc analyses revealed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) effect of O3 on forced expiratory parameters, specific airway resistance, exercise ventilatory response, and reported subjective symptoms of respiratory discomfort. In contrast, no significant effect of NO2 was observed nor was there any significant interaction of NO2 and O3 in combination. There were no significant differences between male and female responses to gas mixture treatments. It was concluded that inhalation of 0.60 ppm NO2 for 1 h while engaged in heavy sustained exercise does not elicit effects evidenced by measurement techniques used in this study nor evoke additive effects beyond those induced by 0.30 ppm O3 in healthy young adults.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular and Perceived Effort in Different Head‐Out Water Exercises: Effect of Limbs’ Action and Resistance Equipment

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Mário J. Costa ◽  
Lúcia Cruz ◽  
Ana Simão ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Double Product ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Water Exercises

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the cardiovascular and perceived effort of head‐out water exercises selecting different limb strategies and using resistance equipment. Ten young women were randomly assigned to perform at 132 bpm during five minutes different head‐out aquatic exercises: (i) horizontal arms abduction (Ab); (ii) horizontal arms abduction with dumbbells (AbD); (iii) frontal kick (Fk); (iv) frontal kick with leggings (FkLeg), and; (v) aquatic skiing (Ski). Cardiovascular effort was measured by monitoring the heart rate, blood pressure and double product. Perceived effort was assessed by the Borg’s scale. Within‐routines comparison was computed using repeated‐ measures ANOVA followed‐up by the Bonferroni post‐hoc test. Considering the percentage of the maximal heart rate, participants reached 72.88 ± 12.90% in the FkLeg, 65.99 ± 10.91% in the Fk, 62.62 ± 7.20% in Ski, 57.27 ± 11.58% in AbD and 57.12 ± 12.09% in Ab. Comparing exercises, higher heart rates were observed in the FkLeg (140.40 bpm) than Ab (110.30 bpm) or AbD (110.00 bpm). Significant differences were found in the systolic blood pressure when compared to the Fk (120.60 mmHg) and Ab (104.50 mmHg). Double product was higher in the FkLeg (16990) showing a meaningful difference when compared to Ab (11608) or AbD (12001). The highest perceived effort was found in the FkLeg (15.80) with meaningful variations compared to Ab (11.70), the Fk (13.70) and Ski (10.40). Thus, different head‐ out water exercises result in different intensities. The actions by lower limbs promote a higher cardiovascular response, whereas the upper limbs actions trigger a lower exertion. Moreover, exercising the four limbs concurrently seems to be less intense than using only two limbs with an aid.

A Comparison of Gastric and Rectal CO₂ in Cardiac Surgery Patients

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Fisher ◽  
Mary E. Kerr ◽  
Leslie A. Hoffman ◽  
Richard P. Steiner ◽  
Robert A. Baranek
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Co2 Detection ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Critical care nurses assess and treat clinical conditions associated with inadequate oxygenation. Changes in regional organ (gut) blood flow are believed to occur in response to a decrease in oxygenation. Although the stomach is a widely accepted monitoring site, there are multiple methodological and measurement issues associated with the gastric environment that limit the accuracy of P CO2 detection. The rectum may provide nurses with an alternative site for monitoring changes in PCO2 without the limitations associated with gastric monitoring. This pilot study used a repeated measures design to examine changes in gastric and rectal PCO2 during elective coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and in the immediate 4-hr postoperative period in 26 subjects. The systemic indicators explained little variation in the regional indicators during protocol. A comparison of rectal and gastric PCO2 revealed no statistically significant differences in the direction or magnitude of change over any phase of cardiac surgery (baseline, CPB, post-CPB). A reduction in both rectal and gastric PCO2 occurred during CPB, and both values trended upward during the post-CPB phase. However, poor correlation and agreement was found between the measures of PCO2 at the two sites. Although clinically important, the cause is unclear. Possible explanations include variation in CO2 production between the gastric and rectal site, differences in sensitivity of the two monitoring instruments, or the absence of hemodynamic complications, which limited the extent of change in PCO2. Further investigation using patients with more profound changes in oxygenation are needed to identify response patterns and possible mechanisms.

Effect of elastic lumbosacral supports on lumbar spine mechanical stresses

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
Jim Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mechanical Stresses ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Post Hoc

Subjects lifted a 6.82 kg weight from the floor to 1.23 meters high using an elastic lumbosacral support worn the conventional way, without a support, and with the support wide side forward. The lifts were analyzed using the "Lift-track" 2 dimensional analysis program, and the results subjected to repeated measures design analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Bonferroni analysis. This study indicates that use an elastic lumbosacral support is able to influence lifting posture enough to have a significant effect on mechanical stress being placed on the L5-S1 joint in lifting from the floor, if worn with the wide side facing the abdomen. Wearing the support in the conventional manner had no significant effect in reducing the mechanical stress on the lumbar spine.

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