Plasma volume expansion in humans after a single intense exercise protocol

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1914-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gillen ◽  
R. Lee ◽  
G. W. Mack ◽  
C. M. Tomaselli ◽  
T. Nishiyasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Albumin Content

We used intense intermittent exercise to produce a 10% expansion of plasma volume (PV) within 24 h and tested the hypothesis that PV expansion is associated with an increase in plasma albumin content. The protocol consisted of eight 4-min bouts of exercise at 85% maximal O2 uptake with 5-min recovery periods between bouts. PV, plasma concentrations of albumin and total protein (TP), and plasma osmolality were measured before and during exercise and at 1, 2, and 24 h of recovery from exercise. During exercise, PV decreased by 15%, while plasma TP and albumin content remained at control levels. At 1 h of recovery, plasma albumin content was elevated by 0.17 +/- 0.04 g/kg body wt, accounting for the entire increase in plasma TP content. PV returned to control level at 1 h of recovery without fluid intake by the subjects, despite a 820 +/- 120-g reduction in body weight. At 2 h of recovery, plasma TP content remained significantly elevated, and plasma TP and albumin concentration were significantly elevated. At 24 h of recovery, PV was expanded by 4.5 +/- 0.7 ml/kg body wt (10 +/- 1%), estimated from hematocrit and hemoglobin changes, and by 3.8 +/- 1.3 ml/kg body wt (8 +/- 3%), measured by Evans blue dye dilution. Plasma albumin content was increased by 0.19 +/- 0.05 g/kg body wt at 24 h of recovery. If 1 g of albumin holds 18 ml of water, this increase in plasma albumin content can account for a 3.4-ml/kg body wt expansion of the PV. No significant changes in plasma osmolality occurred during recovery, but total plasma osmotic content increased in proportion to PV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mechanism for the posture-specific plasma volume increase after a single intense exercise protocol

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Nagashima ◽  
Gary W. Mack ◽  
Andrew Haskell ◽  
Takeshi Nishiyasu ◽  
Ethan R. Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Albumin Content ◽  
Exercise Induced

To test the hypothesis that exercise-induced hypervolemia is a posture-dependent process, we measured plasma volume, plasma albumin content, and renal function in seven healthy subjects for 22 h after single upright (Up) or supine (Sup) intense (85% peak oxygen consumption rate) exercise. This posture was maintained for 5 h after exercise. Plasma volume decreased during exercise but returned to control levels by 5 h of recovery in both postures. By 22 h of recovery, plasma volume increased 2.4 ± 0.8 ml/kg in Up but decreased 2.1 ± 0.8 ml/kg in Sup. The plasma volume expansion in Up was accompanied by an increase in plasma albumin content (0.11 ± 0.04 g/kg; P < 0.05). Plasma albumin content was unchanged in Sup. Urine volume and sodium clearance were lower in Up than Sup ( P < 0.05) by 5 h of recovery. These data suggest that increased plasma albumin content contributes to the acute phase of exercise-induced hypervolemia. More importantly, the mechanism by which exercise influences the distribution of albumin between extra- and intravascular stores after exercise is altered by posture and is unknown. We speculate that factors associated with postural changes (e.g., central venous pressure) modify the increase in plasma albumin content and the plasma volume expansion after exercise.

Hormonal and renal response to plasma volume expansion in the primate Macaca mulatta

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. H201-H205
Author(s):  
G. E. Billman ◽  
M. J. Keyl ◽  
D. T. Dickey ◽  
D. C. Kem ◽  
L. C. Keil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Renal Response

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hormonal and renal response to plasma volume expansion in the ketamine-anesthetized rhesus monkey. The blood volume was determined in nine animals and found to be 6% of the body weight. Six monkeys received isoncotic isotonic fluid amounting to 25% of the blood volume. Plasma volume expansion led to significant decrease in the plasma concentrations of antidiuretic hormone (46.7%) and aldosterone (78.4%) as well as plasma renin activity (50.0%). The mean arterial pressure, plasma osmolality, and plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+ were unaffected by plasma volume expansion. However, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, the excretion of Na+ and K+, and urine flow increased. It was concluded that, in the ketamine-anesthetized rhesus monkey, circulating hormones contribute to blood volume homeostasis presumably through a neural mechanism similar to that observed in dogs and humans.

scholarly journals Increased susceptibility of db/db mice to rosiglitazone-induced plasma volume expansion: role of dysregulation of renal water transporters

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (10) ◽  
pp. F1491-F1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhou ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Zhanjun Jia ◽  
Kevin T. Yang ◽  
Ying Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Fluid Retention ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Fluorescent Nanoparticles ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype-γ (PPARγ), agonists are highly effective for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the side effect of fluid retention has significantly limited their application. Most of the previous studies addressing TZD-induced fluid retention employed healthy animals. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is still incompletely understood, particularly in the setting of disease state. The present study was undertaken to examine rosiglitazone (RGZ)-induced fluid retention in db/db mice and to further investigate the underlying mechanism. In response to RGZ treatment, db/db mice exhibited an accelerated plasma volume expansion as assessed by hematocrit (Hct) and fluorescent nanoparticles, in parallel with a greater increase in body weight, compared with lean controls. In response to RGZ-induced fluid retention, urinary Na+ excretion and urine volume were significantly increased in lean mice. In contrast, the natriuretic and diuretic responses were significantly blunted in db/db mice. RGZ db/db mice exhibited a parallel decrease in plasma Na+ concentration and plasma osmolality, contrasting to unchanged levels in lean controls. Imunoblotting analysis showed downregulation of renal aquaporin (AQP) 2 expression in response to RGZ treatment in lean mice but not in db/db mice. Renal AQP3 protein expression was unaffected by RGZ treatment in lean mice but was elevated in db/db mice. In contrast, the expression of Na+/H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3) and NKCC2 was unchanged in either mouse strain. Together these results suggest that compared with the lean controls, db/db mice exhibited accelerated plasma volume expansion that was in part due to the inappropriate response of renal water transporters.

Factors associated with vasopressin release in exercising swine

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (1) ◽  
pp. R118-R124 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Stebbins ◽  
J. D. Symons ◽  
M. D. McKirnan ◽  
F. F. Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin

This study examined the effect of dynamic exercise on vasopressin release in the miniswine and factors that may elicit this response (n = 15). Thus lysine vasopressin (LVP), the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (EPI and NE), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma volume, Na+, and osmolality were measured before and during treadmill running at work intensities of 60, 80, and 100% of each swine's maximal heart rate reserve (HRR). LVP increased in a progressive manner similar to that of humans, ranging from 5.9 +/- 0.4 pg/ml before exercise to 30.1 +/- 4.5 pg/ml during maximal exercise. EPI, NE, and PRA [an index of angiotensin II (ANG II) activity] demonstrated a pattern of response comparable to LVP. Although these hormones can influence the release of LVP, only PRA displayed a strong correlation with LVP (r = 0.84). When ANG II synthesis was blocked (captopril, 1-3 mg/kg, intra-atrial injection) during exercise (80% HRR), plasma LVP was reduced from 9.9 +/- 0.6 to 7.5 +/- 0.6 pg/ml (P < 0.05). In addition, moderate-to-strong correlations were found between plasma concentrations of LVP and plasma osmolality (r = 0.79) and body temperature (r = 0.78). Plasma LVP also correlated with decreases in plasma volume (r = 0.84). These data suggest that the miniswine model is a good one for studying vasopressin effects during exercise and that ANG II appears to be a particularly strong stimulus for the release of this hormone.

Seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of proteins, urea, glucose, calcium and phosphorus in sheep grazing a hill pasture and their relationship to changes in body composition

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

SUMMARYThe seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of albumin, globulin, transferrin, urea, Ca, P and glucose were measured in 59 Scottish Blackface sheep grazing a hill pasture. The sheep were classified according to age and state of permanent incisor dentition into four groups. Sheep were slaughtered at mating (November), mid-lactation (June) and in the late dry period (November), and the changes in plasma constituents related to changes in body composition. A protein-free supplement was offered during late pregnancy.Another group of sheep was used in the subsequent year to investigate the significance of helminth infections on such pastures.Plasma albumin concentration fell from 32·0 g/1 in all sheep in early pregnancy to 17·5–19·5 g/1 in late pregnancy and early lactation in 5½- to 6½-year-old animals. Younger animals (2½ year old) maintained higher (23·0 g/1) levels at these latter times. The extent of the decrease in plasma albumin concentration of the groups was related to the loss of N from their soft tissues during the same period.Plasma volume increased from 2·10 to 2·491 between early pregnancy and midlactation (45 and 66 ml/kg body weight respectively). The increase in volume was considered to account for the reduction in the concentration of plasma globulin which took place during this period.Plasma urea-N concentrations were extremely low (50—60mg/l) between February and April and had fallen from their highest values (240 mg/1) in August to 150 mg/1 by the following November. It is argued that the fall in albumin concentration which occurred in early pregnancy, coupled with the extremely low urea-N concentration, reflects a very low digestible crude protein intake during most of pregnancy.Transferrin concentration followed a similar seasonal pattern to urea. The concentration was extremely low in February (2·2–2·4 g/1), highest in August (3·45 g/1) and had fallen by November (3·0 g/1). The value of transferrin as a nutritional index is discussed.Regular dosing with anthelminthic of sheep on these pastures had a beneficial effect on plasma albumin concentrations, particularly during critical nutritional periods, namely late pregnancy and lactation.Plasma glucose, Ca and P concentrations were of no value in monitoring the nutritional status of the animal with respect to these nutrients.

Effect of plasma osmolality on steady-state fluid shifts in perfused cat skeletal muscle

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. R1318-R1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Hamilton ◽  
D. S. Ward ◽  
P. D. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Wide Range

Fluid redistribution in isolated perfused cat calf muscle caused by rapid increases in plasma osmolality was studied using NaCl or sucrose. Extracellular tracers (51Cr-labeled EDTA or [3H]mannitol) were added to the perfusate 90 min before solutes were added, and samples were taken from plasma immediately before osmolality was increased and 17, 40, and 65 min later. Interstitial fluid volume (IFV) was calculated as extracellular volume (ECV) minus plasma volume (Evans blue dye). Total tissue water changes (delta TTW) were measured by continuous recording of tissue weight. Change in intracellular volume (delta ICV) was obtained from delta TTW--delta IFV. TTW, IFV, ICV, and plasma osmolality were in steady state after 17 min. Changes in hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure were insignificant in comparison with small-molecule osmotic pressure changes. The apparent volume of TTW participating in the fluid shift averaged 65 +/- 1 ml/100 g (SE) over a wide range of osmolality increases. In contrast to the large changes in TTW, IFV was not altered by osmolality. Thus decreases in TTW were similar to cell dehydration. Hence, increases in plasma volume induced by hypertonic fluids may come entirely at the expense of cell volume, not interstitial volume.

scholarly journals Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
M. B. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass.2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d.3. Extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d.4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls.5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.

Blood volume and cardiac index in rats after exchange transfusion with hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1995-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Migita ◽  
Armando Gonzales ◽  
Maria L. Gonzales ◽  
Kim D. Vandegriff ◽  
Robert M. Winslow
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Index ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Exchange Transfusion ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Bovine Hemoglobin ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion

Migita, Russell, Armando Gonzales, Maria L. Gonzales, Kim D. Vandegriff, and Robert M. Winslow. Blood volume and cardiac index in rats after exchange transfusion with hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1995–2002, 1997.—We have measured plasma volume and cardiac index in rats after 50% isovolemic exchange transfusion with human hemoglobin cross-linked between the α-chains with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate (ααHb) and with bovine hemoglobin modified with polyethylene glycol (PEGHb). ααHb and PEGHb differ in colloid osmotic pressure (23.4 and 118.0 Torr, respectively), oxygen affinity (oxygen half-saturation pressure of hemoglobin = 30.0 and 10.2 Torr, respectively), viscosity (1.00 and 3.39 cP, respectively), and molecular weight (64,400 and 105,000, respectively). Plasma volume was measured by Evans blue dye dilution modified for interference by plasma hemoglobin. Blood volumes in PEGHb-treated animals were significantly elevated (74.0 ± 3.5 ml/kg) compared with animals treated with ααHb (49.0 ± 1.2 ml/kg) or Ringer lactate (48.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg) or with controls (58.2 ± 1.9 ml/kg). Heart rate reduction after ααHb exchange is opposite to that expected with blood volume contraction, suggesting that ααHb may have a direct myocardial depressant action. The apparently slow elimination of PEGHb during the 2 h after its injection is a consequence of plasma volume expansion: when absolute hemoglobin (concentration × plasma volume) is compared for PEGHb and ααHb, no difference in their elimination rates is found. These studies emphasize the need to understand blood volume regulation when the effects of cell-free hemoglobin on hemodynamic measurements are evaluated.

scholarly journals Mechanism of dilutional anemia in massive splenomegaly

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Hess ◽  
CR Ayers ◽  
WR Sandusky ◽  
MA Carpenter ◽  
RA Wetzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Portal Pressure ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Massive Splenomegaly ◽  
Venous Capacitance ◽  
Complete Reversal ◽  
Early Peak

Abstract Twenty patients with anemia and massive splenomegaly were studied in order to elucidate the mechanism by which splenomegaly results in plasma volume expansion. In 18 patients, increased plasma volume accounted for most of the anemia. Fourteen patients had an exaggerated renin response to standing, mean 1967 +/- 613 (SE) ng angiotensin ll/100 ml plasma (p less than 0.05). The mean resting forearm blood flow was increased 3.47 +/- 0.32 (SE) ml/100 ml forearm tissue (p less than 0.001). The venous capacitance was normal, as contrasted to a marked decrease in venous capacitance in patients with anemia of comparable degree without splenomegaly. Cardiac indices were increased in 10 of 11 patients (range 4.1–8.1 liters/min/sq m). In nine of ten patients oxygen consumption was increased (range 147–231 ml/min/sq m). Splenectomy was performed on 14 patients. Splenic blood flow was elevated in four of four patients (range 750–2000 ml/min). Splenic A-V oxygen difference was exaggerated in seven of seven patients and in three of three patients splenic indocyanine-green dye dilution curve failed to show an early peak suggestive of A-V shunting in the spleen. Free portal pressure was elevated in 12 of 12 patients and decreased immediately after splenectomy. The intravascular albumin mass decreased in ten patients, was unchanged in three at 2–4 mo after splenectomy, and was accompanied by a rise in the plasma albumin concentration in nine. These data suggest that a flow-induced portal hypertension with expansion of the portal vascular space is an important early hemodynamic change. This finding, together with a decreased peripheral resistance, probably results in a decrease in effective intravascular volume, resulting in stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other renal hemodynamic changes necessary for salt and water retention. Splenectomy usually accomplishes a complete reversal of these abnormalities and correction of the anemia.

scholarly journals Chronic vasodilation produces plasma volume expansion and hemodilution in rats: consequences of decreased effective arterial blood volume

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (1) ◽  
pp. F113-F118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Fekete ◽  
Jennifer M. Sasser ◽  
Chris Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Vasodilator Treatment

Plasma volume (PV) expansion is required for optimal pregnancy outcomes; however, the mechanisms responsible for sodium and water retention in pregnancy remain undefined. This study was designed to test the “arterial underfill hypothesis” of pregnancy which proposes that an enlarged vascular compartment (due to systemic vasodilation and shunting of blood to the placenta) results in renal sodium and water retention and PV expansion. We produced chronic vasodilation by 14 days administration of nifedipine (NIF; 10 mg·kg−1·day−1) or sodium nitrite (NaNO2; 70 mg·kg−1·day−1) to normal, nonpregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats. Mean arterial pressure, monitored by telemetry, was reduced by both NIF and NaNO2 but was unchanged in control rats. At day 14, vasodilator treatment lowered hematocrit and increased PV (determined by Evans blue dye dilution). Plasma osmolarity (Posm), sodium (PNa), and total protein concentrations all fell. These responses resemble the responses to normal pregnancy with hemodilution, marked PV expansion, and decreased Posm and PNa. Our previous work indicates a role of increased inner medullary phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) in the sodium retention of pregnancy. Here, we found that inner medullary PDE5A mRNA and protein expression were increased by both NIF and NaNO2 treatment vs. control; however, neither renal cortical nor aortic PDE5 expression was changed by vasodilator treatment. We suggest that a primary, persistent vasodilation drives increased inner medullary PDE5 expression which facilitates continual renal Na retention causing “refilling” of the vasculature and volume expansion.

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