Effect of growth hormone on gastrocnemius muscle of aged rats after immobilization: biochemistry and morphology

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Carmeli ◽  
Z. Hochberg ◽  
E. Livne ◽  
I. Lichtenstein ◽  
C. Kestelboim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Limb Immobilization

Immobilization of limbs of aged animals is associated with swift muscular damage and atrophy. We investigated the effect of rat growth hormone (rGH) on immobilized hindlimb muscles of 26-mo-old rats. Administration of rGH significantly reduced muscle weight loss and muscle protein oxidation caused by immobilization. Capillary blood volume, measured by photoplethysmography of the hindlimb, showed a 34% reduction in immobilized animals, which was eliminated by rGH. The activity of creatine phosphokinase in immobilized gastrocnemius muscle was significantly reduced by immobilization. This damage was diminished by rGH administration. Similarly, the increase in acid phosphatase activity in immobilized muscle was reduced after rGH treatment. Morphologically, marked muscle atrophy and fiber disorientation were observed in immobilized limbs. Therapy with rGH prevented some of these changes. These results indicate that administration of rGH may provide a useful means to attenuate the degenerative effects of limb immobilization of aged rats, as evident from physiological, biochemical, and morphological parameters.

scholarly journals Tart Cherry (Fruit of Prunus cerasus) Concentrated Powder (TCcp) Ameliorates Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscular Atrophy in Mice

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Sae-Kwang Ku ◽  
Jong-Min Lim ◽  
Hyung-Rae Cho ◽  
Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir ◽  
Young Suk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Background and Objectives: The present study investigated the beneficial effects of tart cherry (fruit of Prunus cerasus) concentrated powder (TCcp) on glucocorticoid (GLU)-induced catabolic muscular atrophy in the skeletal muscle of mice. Furthermore, its potential mechanism was also studied. Materials and Methods: Changes in calf thickness, calf muscle weight, calf muscle strength, body weight, gastrocnemius muscle histology, immunohistochemistry, serum creatinine, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and antioxidant defense systems were measured. Malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, glutathione content, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the gastrocnemius muscle, and muscle-specific mRNA expressions were evaluated. Results: After 24 days, GLU control mice showed muscular atrophy at all criteria of indexes. The muscular atrophy symptoms were significantly inhibited by oral treatment with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of TCcp through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory modulated expression of genes involved in muscle protein degradation (myostatin, atrogin-1, SIRT1, and MuRF1) and synthesis (A1R, Akt1, TRPV4, and PI3K). Conclusions: This study shows that the TCcp (500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) could improve muscular atrophies caused by various etiologies.

scholarly journals Age-dependent increase in oxidative stress in gastrocnemius muscle with unloading

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1695-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parco M. Siu ◽  
Emidio E. Pistilli ◽  
Stephen E. Alway
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Age Dependent

Oxidative stress increases during unloading in muscle from young adult rats. The present study examined the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme gene and protein expressions in medial gastrocnemius muscles of aged and young adult (30 and 6 mo of age) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats after 14 days of hindlimb suspension. Medial gastrocnemius muscle weight was decreased by ∼30% in young adult and aged rats following suspension. When muscle weight was normalized to animal body weight, it was reduced by 12% and 22% in young adult and aged rats, respectively, after suspension. Comparisons between young adult and aged control animals demonstrated a 25% and 51% decline in muscle mass when expressed as absolute muscle weight and muscle weight normalized to the animal body weight, respectively. H2O2 content was elevated by 43% while Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protein content was reduced by 28% in suspended muscles compared with control muscles exclusively in the aged animals. Suspended muscles had greater content of malondialdehyde (MDA)/4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HAE) (29% and 58% increase in young adult and aged rats, respectively), nitrotyrosine (76% and 65% increase in young adult and aged rats, respectively), and catalase activity (69% and 43% increase in young adult and aged rats, respectively) relative to control muscles. Changes in oxidative stress markers MDA/4-HAE, H2O2, and MnSOD protein contents in response to hindlimb unloading occurred in an age-dependent manner. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses that oxidative stress has a role in mediating disuse-induced and sarcopenia-associated muscle losses. Our data suggest that aging may predispose skeletal muscle to increased levels of oxidative stress both at rest and during unloading.

Age-related changes of growth hormone secretory mechanisms in the rat pituitary gland

1991 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parenti ◽  
D. Cocchi ◽  
G. Ceresoli ◽  
C. Marcozzi ◽  
E. E. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT The mechanisms underlying the age-related decrease and increase in somatotroph responsiveness to growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF) and somatostatin respectively were studied in rat pituitary membranes in vitro. Basal adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was similar in pituitary membranes from rats of 8 days (either sex) and male rats of 3 months, but it was almost threefold higher in membranes from male rats of 21–23 months. GHRF induced a lower percentage stimulation of AC activity in membranes from infant and old than adult rats. Somatostatin inhibited stimulation of AC induced by forskolin more effectively in membranes from adult than infant and old rats. In parallel experiments, since the tissue we used is formed by a mixed population of pituitary cells, we evaluated, for comparison, the effect on AC of neurohormones, i.e. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and dopamine which act primarily on lactotrophs. VIP induced a lower fold-stimulation of AC activity in membranes from infant and old than adult rats. Dopamine inhibited forskolin-induced stimulation of AC in the following rank order of magnitude: old, adult and infant rats, and was also more effective in inhibiting basal AC activity in old than in adult rats. The stimulatory and inhibitory G proteins (Gs and Gi) coupled to AC were measured indirectly by evaluating stimulatory and inhibitory effects of different concentrations of GTP on AC. GTP, at stimulatory concentrations, increased AC activity in membranes from infant and adult rats similarly whereas its effect was significantly greater in membranes from old rats. Conversely, GTP, at inhibitory concentrations, decreased AC activity similarly in membranes from adult and infant rats, whereas in old rats inhibition was apparent at more than a tenfold lower concentration of GTP. These data suggest (1) that the greater somatotroph sensitivity to GHRF in terms of GH secretion of the early postnatal period is not due to supersensitive GHRF receptors but rather may be accounted for, at least partially, by the low function of somatostatinergic receptors; (2) that the inability of GHRF to stimulate GH release in aged rats probably results from an uncoupling between the GHRF receptor and the G protein; and (3) that in aged rats the decreased ability of somatostatin to inhibit AC activity, in spite of the high Gi activity, results from a reduced number of somatotroph cells and, hence, receptors. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 131, 251–257

Exercise training enhances flow-induced vasodilation in skeletal muscle resistance arteries of aged rats: role of PGI2 and nitric oxide

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. H3119-H3127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Spier ◽  
Michael D. Delp ◽  
John N. Stallone ◽  
James M. Dominguez ◽  
Judy M. Muller-Delp
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Resistance Arteries ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

Flow-induced vasodilation is attenuated with old age in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diminished cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling contributes to the age-induced attenuation of flow-induced vasodilation in gastrocnemius muscle arterioles and to determine whether, and through which mechanism(s), exercise training restores this deficit in old rats. Fischer 344 rats (3 and 22 mo old) were assigned to a sedentary or exercise-trained group. First-order arterioles were isolated from the gastrocnemius muscles, cannulated, and pressurized to 70 cmH2O. Diameter changes were determined in response to graded increases in intraluminal flow in the presence and absence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition [10−5 M NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)], COX inhibition (10−5 M indomethacin), or combination NOS (10−5 Ml-NAME) plus COX (10−5 M indomethacin) inhibition. Aging reduced flow-induced vasodilation in gastrocnemius muscle arterioles. Exercise training restored responsiveness to flow in arterioles of aged rats and enhanced flow-induced vasodilation in arterioles from young rats. l-NAME inhibition of flow-induced vasodilation was greater in arterioles from old rats compared with those from young rats and was increased after exercise training in arterioles from both young and old rats. Although the indomethacin-sensitive portion of flow-induced dilation was not altered by age or training, both COX-1 mRNA expression and PGI2 production increased with training in arterioles from old rats. These data demonstrate that exercise training restores flow-induced vasodilation in gastrocnemius muscle arterioles from old rats and enhances flow-induced vasodilation in gastrocnemius muscle arterioles from young rats. In arterioles from both old and young rats, the exercise training-induced enhancement of flow-induced dilation occurs primarily through a NOS mechanism.

Age, protein level and sex as factors influencing gastrocnemius muscle growth in BALB/c mice from weaning to 50 days of age

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaE. López-Oliva ◽  
A. Agis-Torres ◽  
MaT. Unzaga ◽  
E. Muñoz-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Key Words Age

The effects of age, dietary protein level [12% (medium protein) or 20% (high protein)], and sex on muscle growth of female (f) and male (m) BALB/c mice between weaning (21 d) and 50 d of age were studied. Animals were housed individually and feed intake and body weight (BW) were recorded daily. In the total experimental period (29 d), six partial experimental periods were established. At 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 d of age, five mice of each group (MPf, MPm, HPf, HPm) were slaughtered and gastrocnemius muscle growth was studied. Based on BW and muscle weight (MW) measures, values of growth parameters were estimated. Feed consumption rate (FCR) increased in all groups, but it nearly stabilized with age in HP mice. BW, estimated muscle weight (EMW), muscle weight gain (MWG), absolute muscle protein (AMP) and muscle protein gain (MPG) increased in MP and HP mice during the experiment. Relative muscle protein (RMP) increased in MP while it decreased in HP mice with age. Also, absolute and fractional muscle weight growth rates (AWGR and FWGR, respectively) and absolute and fractional muscle protein growth rates (APGR and FPGR, respectively) decreased in all mice tested (age-dependent), except in HPf mice where it remained plateaued in time (age-independent). At 21 d the highest AWGR, FWGR, APGR, and FPGR values were registered in MP mice. Diet and sex influenced the relative allometric proportions of muscle to the organism as a whole. Muscle protein growth of MP mice versus MW growth was enhanced, resulting in an increase of growth coefficients as compared to HP mice. Also, the contribution of muscle protein to carcass protein and the efficiency of protein intake utilization were higher in MP mice than in HP mice, while efficiency of energy intake was similar in both groups. In conclusion, hyperphagia and increased efficiency of protein utilization induced a near-normal muscle growth in MP growing BALB/c mice. Key words: Age, protein level, sex, muscle growth, BALB/c mice

scholarly journals Temporal Analysis of Rat Growth Plates: Cessation of Growth with Age Despite Presence of a Physis

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmtrud I. Roach ◽  
Gautam Mehta ◽  
Richard O.C. Oreffo ◽  
Nicholas M.P. Clarke ◽  
Cyrus Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Growth Plate ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Growth Plate Chondrocytes ◽  
Growth Plates ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Plate Morphology

Despite the continued presence of growth plates in aged rats, longitudinal growth no longer occurs. The aims of this study were to understand the reasons for the cessation of growth. We studied the growth plates of femurs and tibiae in Wistar rats aged 62–80 weeks and compared these with the corresponding growth plates from rats aged 2–16 weeks. During skeletal growth, the heights of the plates, especially that of the hypertrophic zone, reflected the rate of bone growth. During the period of decelerating growth, it was the loss of large hydrated chondrocytes that contributed most to the overall decrease in the heights of the growth plates. In the old rats we identified four categories of growth plate morphology that were not present in the growth plates of younger rats: (a) formation of a bone band parallel to the metaphyseal edge of the growth plate, which effectively sealed that edge; (b) extensive areas of acellularity, which were resistant to resorption and/or remodeling; (c) extensive remodeling and bone formation within cellular regions of the growth plate; and (d) direct bone formation by former growth plate chondrocytes. These processes, together with a loss of synchrony across the plate, would prevent further longitudinal expansion of the growth plate despite continued sporadic proliferation of chondrocytes.

scholarly journals Passive repetitive stretching is associated with greater muscle mass and cross-sectional area in the sarcopenic muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumin Wang ◽  
Satoshi Ikeda ◽  
Katsunori Ikoma
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Passive Stretching

AbstractMechanical stimulation has benefits for muscle mass and function. Passive stretching is widely performed in clinical rehabilitation medicine. However, the hypertrophic effects of passive repetitive stretching on senescent skeletal muscles against muscle atrophy remain unknown. We used senescence-accelerated model SAM-P8 mice. The gastrocnemius muscle was passively repetitive stretched by manual ankle dorsiflexion for 15 min, 5 days a week for 2 weeks under deep anesthesia. We examined the effects of passive stretching on muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, muscle fiber type composition, satellite cell and myonuclei content, signaling pathways involved in muscle protein synthesis, and myogenic regulatory factors. The gastrocnemius muscle weight and fiber cross-sectional area of the stretched side was found greater compared with that of the unstretched side. Passive repetitive stretching increased the mRNA expression level of Akt, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, Myf5, myogenin, MuRF1.The phosphorylation level of p70S6K significantly increased in the stretched muscles, whereas of Akt and 4E-BP1 remained unchanged, compared to the unstretched side. The Pax7+ cells and myonuclei content did not differ between the stretched and unstretched muscles. These findings suggest that the hypertrophic or suppressed atrophic observation in the stretched muscles are mainly attributable to the protein turnover provoked by stretching. These findings are applicable to clinical muscle strengthening and sarcopenia prevention.

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