Age, protein level and sex as factors influencing gastrocnemius muscle growth in BALB/c mice from weaning to 50 days of age

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaE. López-Oliva ◽  
A. Agis-Torres ◽  
MaT. Unzaga ◽  
E. Muñoz-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Key Words Age

The effects of age, dietary protein level [12% (medium protein) or 20% (high protein)], and sex on muscle growth of female (f) and male (m) BALB/c mice between weaning (21 d) and 50 d of age were studied. Animals were housed individually and feed intake and body weight (BW) were recorded daily. In the total experimental period (29 d), six partial experimental periods were established. At 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 d of age, five mice of each group (MPf, MPm, HPf, HPm) were slaughtered and gastrocnemius muscle growth was studied. Based on BW and muscle weight (MW) measures, values of growth parameters were estimated. Feed consumption rate (FCR) increased in all groups, but it nearly stabilized with age in HP mice. BW, estimated muscle weight (EMW), muscle weight gain (MWG), absolute muscle protein (AMP) and muscle protein gain (MPG) increased in MP and HP mice during the experiment. Relative muscle protein (RMP) increased in MP while it decreased in HP mice with age. Also, absolute and fractional muscle weight growth rates (AWGR and FWGR, respectively) and absolute and fractional muscle protein growth rates (APGR and FPGR, respectively) decreased in all mice tested (age-dependent), except in HPf mice where it remained plateaued in time (age-independent). At 21 d the highest AWGR, FWGR, APGR, and FPGR values were registered in MP mice. Diet and sex influenced the relative allometric proportions of muscle to the organism as a whole. Muscle protein growth of MP mice versus MW growth was enhanced, resulting in an increase of growth coefficients as compared to HP mice. Also, the contribution of muscle protein to carcass protein and the efficiency of protein intake utilization were higher in MP mice than in HP mice, while efficiency of energy intake was similar in both groups. In conclusion, hyperphagia and increased efficiency of protein utilization induced a near-normal muscle growth in MP growing BALB/c mice. Key words: Age, protein level, sex, muscle growth, BALB/c mice

scholarly journals Tart Cherry (Fruit of Prunus cerasus) Concentrated Powder (TCcp) Ameliorates Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscular Atrophy in Mice

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Sae-Kwang Ku ◽  
Jong-Min Lim ◽  
Hyung-Rae Cho ◽  
Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir ◽  
Young Suk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Background and Objectives: The present study investigated the beneficial effects of tart cherry (fruit of Prunus cerasus) concentrated powder (TCcp) on glucocorticoid (GLU)-induced catabolic muscular atrophy in the skeletal muscle of mice. Furthermore, its potential mechanism was also studied. Materials and Methods: Changes in calf thickness, calf muscle weight, calf muscle strength, body weight, gastrocnemius muscle histology, immunohistochemistry, serum creatinine, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and antioxidant defense systems were measured. Malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, glutathione content, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the gastrocnemius muscle, and muscle-specific mRNA expressions were evaluated. Results: After 24 days, GLU control mice showed muscular atrophy at all criteria of indexes. The muscular atrophy symptoms were significantly inhibited by oral treatment with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of TCcp through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory modulated expression of genes involved in muscle protein degradation (myostatin, atrogin-1, SIRT1, and MuRF1) and synthesis (A1R, Akt1, TRPV4, and PI3K). Conclusions: This study shows that the TCcp (500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) could improve muscular atrophies caused by various etiologies.

Effect of growth hormone on gastrocnemius muscle of aged rats after immobilization: biochemistry and morphology

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Carmeli ◽  
Z. Hochberg ◽  
E. Livne ◽  
I. Lichtenstein ◽  
C. Kestelboim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Limb Immobilization

Immobilization of limbs of aged animals is associated with swift muscular damage and atrophy. We investigated the effect of rat growth hormone (rGH) on immobilized hindlimb muscles of 26-mo-old rats. Administration of rGH significantly reduced muscle weight loss and muscle protein oxidation caused by immobilization. Capillary blood volume, measured by photoplethysmography of the hindlimb, showed a 34% reduction in immobilized animals, which was eliminated by rGH. The activity of creatine phosphokinase in immobilized gastrocnemius muscle was significantly reduced by immobilization. This damage was diminished by rGH administration. Similarly, the increase in acid phosphatase activity in immobilized muscle was reduced after rGH treatment. Morphologically, marked muscle atrophy and fiber disorientation were observed in immobilized limbs. Therapy with rGH prevented some of these changes. These results indicate that administration of rGH may provide a useful means to attenuate the degenerative effects of limb immobilization of aged rats, as evident from physiological, biochemical, and morphological parameters.

Activation of insulin-like growth factor gene expression during work-induced skeletal muscle growth

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (1) ◽  
pp. E89-E95 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. DeVol ◽  
P. Rotwein ◽  
J. L. Sadow ◽  
J. Novakofski ◽  
P. J. Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Growth ◽  
Igf I

We have investigated the hypothesis that there is local regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) gene expression during skeletal muscle growth. Compensatory hypertrophy was induced in the soleus, a predominantly slow-twitch muscle, and plantaris, a fast-twitch muscle, in 11- to 12-wk-old female Wistar rats by unilateral cutting of the distal gastrocnemius tendon. Animals were killed 2, 4, or 8 days later, and muscles of the nonoperated leg served as controls. Muscle weight increased throughout the experimental period, reaching 127% (soleus) or 122% (plantaris) of control values by day 8. In both growing muscles, IGF-I mRNA, quantitated by a solution-hybridization nuclease-protection assay, rose by nearly threefold on day 2 and remained elevated throughout the experimental period. IGF-II mRNA levels also increased over controls. A more dramatic response was seen in hypophysectomized rats, where IGF-I mRNA levels rose by 8- to 13-fold, IGF-II values by 3- to 7-fold, and muscle mass increased on day 8 to 149% (soleus) or 133% (plantaris) of the control contralateral limb. These results indicate that signals propagated during muscle hypertrophy enhance the expression of both IGF genes, that modulation of IGF-I mRNA levels can occur in the absence of growth hormone, and that locally produced IGF-I and IGF-II may play a role in skeletal muscle growth.

scholarly journals CRUDE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF GUINEA FOWL KEETS (NUMIDA MELIAGRIS GALEATA, PALLAS) IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
A. S. Ahmed ◽  
E. S. Haruna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics

Guinea fowl of both sexes were fed from 0 to 8 weeks on protein level ranging from 18 to 26% using constant energy concentration of 3000 kilocalories/kg diet. At the end of the experimental period, keats on 24 and 26% protein levels with liveweights of 854 and 867.3g respectively were significantly heavier than keets on the other diets. Keets on these two rations showed no significant differences in the final liveweights, liveweight gains and feed consumption. However, it appeared from the result that feed consumption was related to growth rate. The feed/gain ratio was significantly better for keets that received 24% protein level than for those on 26% protein. But feed/gain ratios generally tended to be inversely related to growth rate. On the basis of this study it is recommended that the diet of guinea fowl keets in the tropics should not contain less than 24% crude protein for optimal results.   

Effects of dietary tryptophan on muscle growth, protein synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Qiu Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Yun Wu ◽  
Shang-Xiao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hybrid Catfish ◽  
Leiocassis Longirostris ◽  
Pelteobagrus Vachelli

Abstract The present study evaluated effects of dietary supplementation with tryptophan (Trp) on muscle growth, protein synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂. Fish were fed six different diets containing 2.6 (control), 3.1, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7, and 5.6 g Trp kg−1 diet for 56 days, respectively. Results showed that dietary Trp significantly (1) improved muscle protein content, fiber density, and frequency of fiber diameter; (2) up-regulated the mRNA levels of PCNA, myf5, MyoD1, MyoG, MRF4, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR, PIK3Ca, TOR, 4EBP1, and S6K1; (3) increased phosphorylation levels of AKT, TOR, and S6K1; (4) decreased contents of MDA and PC, and increased activities of CAT, GST, GR, ASA, and AHR; (5) up-regulated mRNA levels of CuZnSOD, CAT, GST, GPx, GCLC, and Nrf2, and decreased Keap1 mRNA level; (6) increased nuclear Nrf2 protein level and the intranuclear antioxidant response element binding ability, and reduced Keap1 protein level. These results indicated that dietary Trp improved muscle growth, protein synthesis as well as antioxidant capacity, which might be partly related to myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), IGFs/PIK3Ca/AKT/TOR, and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways. Finally, based on the quadratic regression analysis of muscle protein and MDA contents, the optimal Trp requirements of hybrid catfish (21.82-39.64 g) were estimated to be 3.94 and 3.93 g Trp kg−1 diet (9.57 and 9.54 g kg−1 of dietary protein), respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of irradiation on Akt signaling in atrophying skeletal muscle

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis K. Fix ◽  
Justin P. Hardee ◽  
Ted A. Bateman ◽  
James A. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Mtorc1 Signaling ◽  
Group A ◽  
Established Role

Muscle irradiation (IRR) exposure can accompany unloading during spaceflight or cancer treatment, and this has been shown to be sufficient by itself to induce skeletal muscle signaling associated with a remodeling response. Although protein kinase B/Akt has an established role in the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism, there is a limited understanding of how Akt signaling in unloaded skeletal muscle is affected by IRR. Therefore, we examined the combined effects of acute IRR and short-term unloading on muscle Akt signaling. Female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to load bearing or hindlimb suspension (HS) for 5 days ( n = 6/group). A single, unilateral hindlimb IRR dose (0.5 Gy X-ray) was administered on day 3. Gastrocnemius muscle protein expression was examined. HS resulted in decreased AktT308 phosphorylation, whereas HS+IRR resulted in increased AktT308 phosphorylation above baseline. HS resulted in reduced AktS473 phosphorylation, which was rescued by HS+IRR. Interestingly, IRR alone resulted in increased phosphorylation of AktS473, but not that of AktT308. HS resulted in decreased mTORC1 signaling, and this suppression was not altered by IRR. Both IRR and HS resulted in increased MuRF-1 expression, whereas atrogin-1 expression was not affected by either condition. These results demonstrate that either IRR alone or when combined with HS can differentially affect Akt phosphorylation, but IRR did not disrupt suppressed mTORC1 signaling by HS. Collectively, these findings highlight that a single IRR dose is sufficient to disrupt the regulation of Akt signaling in atrophying skeletal muscle.

Modulation of IGF mRNA abundance during stretch-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regression

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 2026-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Czerwinski ◽  
J. M. Martin ◽  
P. J. Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Compensatory Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
First Time

Increased load on a muscle (synergistic overload or stretch) results in muscle hypertrophy. The expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA in rat skeletal muscle is increased during synergistic overload-induced hypertrophy. Although it has also been established that fasting animals lose muscle protein, it has been shown that compensatory muscle hypertrophy occurs in adult fasting rats that are undergoing a net loss of body weight. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether a relationship exists between IGF-I mRNA levels and muscle growth and regression. This was accomplished by examining whether IGF-I mRNA levels were altered during muscle hypertrophy after stretch and regression and the effect of fasting on IGF-I mRNA levels during stretch-induced hypertrophy. Patagialis (PAT) muscle weights increased 13 and 44% at 2 and 11 days of stretch, respectively. However, after removal of the stretch stimulus on day 11, PAT weights began to decrease, reaching control weights by 18 days. During the first time point (2 days), PAT muscle IGF-I mRNA remained constant. IGF-I mRNA abundance was threefold greater than contralateral control levels by 11 days of stretch. IGF-I mRNA levels decreased but remained significantly above control levels throughout the regression of hypertrophy (13, 18, and 25 days). Fasting did not alter PAT muscle response to stretch. After 11 days of stretch, PAT muscle weight increased 60% compared with contralateral control muscles and IGF-I mRNA levels increased three-fold. This study supports a role for IGF-I in muscle hypertrophy but not muscle atrophy.

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: V. A STUDY OF THE LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF FINISHING PIGS WEIGHING FROM 100 TO 200 LB

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Protein Feed

Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows, 48 gilts) were allotted according to sex and previous ration to three linear-programmed finisher rations: (1) 13% protein and 0.55% lysine, (2) 13% protein and 0.67% lysine, and (3) 16% protein and 0.67% lysine. Growth rates, digestibility coefficients for energy and protein, feed consumption, and carcass data were obtained.In terms of growth rates and efficiency of energy utilization 16% protein rations were superior to 13%, but increasing lysine from 0.55 to 0.67% with 13% protein rations was as effective as increasing the protein level. However when cross-sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle and back fat deposition were considered, increasing the protein level was more effective than extra lysine in promoting a high lean:fat ratio.Evidence of an inverse relationship was observed between rate of gain during the growing period and rate of gain during the finishing period, particularly in barrows.

scholarly journals Passive repetitive stretching is associated with greater muscle mass and cross-sectional area in the sarcopenic muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumin Wang ◽  
Satoshi Ikeda ◽  
Katsunori Ikoma
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Passive Stretching

AbstractMechanical stimulation has benefits for muscle mass and function. Passive stretching is widely performed in clinical rehabilitation medicine. However, the hypertrophic effects of passive repetitive stretching on senescent skeletal muscles against muscle atrophy remain unknown. We used senescence-accelerated model SAM-P8 mice. The gastrocnemius muscle was passively repetitive stretched by manual ankle dorsiflexion for 15 min, 5 days a week for 2 weeks under deep anesthesia. We examined the effects of passive stretching on muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, muscle fiber type composition, satellite cell and myonuclei content, signaling pathways involved in muscle protein synthesis, and myogenic regulatory factors. The gastrocnemius muscle weight and fiber cross-sectional area of the stretched side was found greater compared with that of the unstretched side. Passive repetitive stretching increased the mRNA expression level of Akt, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, Myf5, myogenin, MuRF1.The phosphorylation level of p70S6K significantly increased in the stretched muscles, whereas of Akt and 4E-BP1 remained unchanged, compared to the unstretched side. The Pax7+ cells and myonuclei content did not differ between the stretched and unstretched muscles. These findings suggest that the hypertrophic or suppressed atrophic observation in the stretched muscles are mainly attributable to the protein turnover provoked by stretching. These findings are applicable to clinical muscle strengthening and sarcopenia prevention.

scholarly journals The Effects of Feed Color on Broiler Performance between Day 1 and 21

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Gulizia ◽  
Kevin M. Downs
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

Two trials were conducted to determine feed color effects on broiler performance. A completely randomized design was used. Trial 1 included four treatments: control (complete broiler starter diet), red, green, and blue; and Trial 2 included four treatments: control, orange, yellow, and purple. Each trial had 4 treatments with 4 replicates (60 birds/treatment) fed to 240 male Cobb 500 broilers during a 21 d grow out. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure. In Trial 1, there were no treatment effects on average body weight, body weight gain, and feed consumption (p > 0.05). Adjusted feed conversion for control (1.23) was less than red (1.27; p = 0.001) and green (1.26; p = 0.009), with blue (1.25; p = 0.056) tending to be different during the experimental period. In Trial 2, there were no treatment effects on average body weight, feed consumption, and adjusted feed conversion during this study (p > 0.05). Body weight gain between d 1 to 14 for purple (490.78 g/bird) was more than orange (467 g/bird; p = 0.013) and yellow (461 g/bird; p= 0.004), with control (474 g/bird; p = 0.052) tending to be different. Results indicate that these feed colors had some, albeit limited, influence on broiler performance parameters.

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