Scaling maximum oxygen uptake using lower leg muscle volume provides further insight into the pitfalls of whole body-mass power laws

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1006-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Nevill ◽  
Roger Holder ◽  
Goran Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Scaling of maximal oxygen uptake by lower leg muscle volume in boys and men

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1851-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Tolfrey ◽  
Alan Barker ◽  
Jeanette M. Thom ◽  
Christopher I. Morse ◽  
Marco V. Narici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Leg Muscle

The aim of this study was to critically examine the influence of body size on maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) in boys and men using body mass (BM), estimated fat-free mass (FFM), and estimated lower leg muscle volume (Vol) as the separate scaling variables. V̇o2 max and an in vivo measurement of Vol were assessed in 15 boys and 14 men. The FFM was estimated after percentage body fat had been predicted from population-specific skinfold measurements. By using nonlinear allometric modeling, common body size exponents for BM, FFM, and Vol were calculated. The point estimates for the size exponent (95% confidence interval) from the separate allometric models were: BM 0.79 (0.53–1.06), FFM 1.00 (0.78–1.22), and Vol 0.64 (0.40–0.88). For the boys, substantial residual size correlations were observed for V̇o2 max/BM0.79 and V̇o2 max/FFM1.00, indicating that these variables did not correctly partition out the influence of body size. In contrast, scaling by Vol0.64 led to no residual size correlation in boys or men. Scaling by BM is confounded by heterogeneity of body composition and potentially substantial differences in the mass exponent between boys and men. The FFM is precluded as an index of involved musculature because Vol did not represent a constant proportion of FFM [Vol∝FFM1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.77)] in the boys (unlike the men). We conclude that Vol, as an indicator of the involved muscle mass, is the most valid allometric denominator for the scaling of V̇o2 max in a sample of boys and men heterogeneous for body size and composition.

scholarly journals Reference values for maximum oxygen uptake relative to body mass in Dutch/Flemish subjects aged 6–65 years: the LowLands Fitness Registry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geertje E. van der Steeg ◽  
Tim Takken
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
European Population ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
List Type ◽  
Maximum Effort

Abstract Background The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is considered the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim To provide up-to-date reference values for the VO2max per kilogram of body mass (VO2max/kg) obtained by CPET in the Netherlands and Flanders. Methods The Lowlands Fitness Registry contains data from health checks among different professions and was used for this study. Data from 4612 apparently healthy subjects, 3671 males and 941 females, who performed maximum effort during cycle ergometry were analysed. Reference values for the VO2max/kg and corresponding centile curves were created according to the LMS method. Results Age had a negative significant effect (p < .001) and males had higher values of VO2max/kg with an overall difference of 18.0% compared to females. Formulas for reference values were developed: Males: VO2max/kg = − 0.0049 × age2 + 0.0884 × age + 48.263 (R2 = 0.9859; SEE = 1.4364) Females: VO2max/kg = − 0.0021 × age2 − 0.1407 × age + 43.066 (R2 = 0.9989; SEE = 0.5775). Cross-validation showed no relevant statistical mean difference between measured and predicted values for males and a small but significant mean difference for females. We found remarkable higher VO2max/kg values compared to previously published studies. Conclusions This is the first study to provide reference values for the VO2max/kg based on a Dutch/Flemish cohort. Our reference values can be used for a more accurate interpretation of the VO2max in the West-European population.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF LEAN BODY MASS AS A LIMITING FACTOR OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE

1974 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAORU KITAGAWA ◽  
KOMEI IKUTA ◽  
YUKO HARA ◽  
KOICHI HIIRTA
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Limiting Factor

Large differences in peak oxygen uptake do not independently alter changes in core temperature and sweating during exercise

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. R832-R841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ollie Jay ◽  
Anthony R. Bain ◽  
Tomasz M. Deren ◽  
Matthew Sacheli ◽  
Matthew N. Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Sudomotor Activity

The independent influence of peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2 peak) on changes in thermoregulatory responses during exercise in a neutral climate has not been previously isolated because of complex interactions between V̇o2 peak, metabolic heat production (Hprod), body mass, and body surface area (BSA). It was hypothesized that V̇o2 peak does not independently alter changes in core temperature and sweating during exercise. Fourteen males, 7 high (HI) V̇o2 peak: 60.1 ± 4.5 ml·kg−1·min−1; 7 low (LO) V̇o2 peak: 40.3 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1 matched for body mass (HI: 78.2 ± 6.1 kg; LO: 78.7 ± 7.1 kg) and BSA (HI: 1.97 ± 0.08 m2; LO: 1.94 ± 0.08 m2), cycled for 60-min at 1) a fixed heat production (FHP trial) and 2) a relative exercise intensity of 60% V̇o2 peak (REL trial) at 24.8 ± 0.6°C, 26 ± 10% RH. In the FHP trial, Hprod was similar between the HI (542 ± 38 W, 7.0 ± 0.6 W/kg or 275 ± 25 W/m2) and LO (535 ± 39 W, 6.9 ± 0.9 W/kg or 277 ± 29 W/m2) groups, while changes in rectal (Tre: HI: 0.87 ± 0.15°C, LO: 0.87 ± 0.18°C, P = 1.00) and aural canal (Tau: HI: 0.70 ± 0.12°C, LO: 0.74 ± 0.21°C, P = 0.65) temperature, whole-body sweat loss (WBSL) (HI: 434 ± 80 ml, LO: 440 ± 41 ml; P = 0.86), and steady-state local sweating (LSRback) ( P = 0.40) were all similar despite relative exercise intensity being different (HI: 39.7 ± 4.2%, LO: 57.6 ± 8.0% V̇o2 peak; P = 0.001). At 60% V̇o2 peak, Hprod was greater in the HI (834 ± 77 W, 10.7 ± 1.3 W/kg or 423 ± 44 W/m2) compared with LO (600 ± 90 W, 7.7 ± 1.4 W/kg or 310 ± 50 W/m2) group (all P < 0.001), as were changes in Tre (HI: 1.43 ± 0.28°C, LO: 0.89 ± 0.19°C; P = 0.001) and Tau (HI: 1.11 ± 0.21°C, LO: 0.66 ± 0.14°C; P < 0.001), and WBSL between 0 and 15, 15 and 30, 30 and 45, and 45 and 60 min (all P < 0.01), and LSRback ( P = 0.02). The absolute esophageal temperature (Tes) onset for sudomotor activity was ∼0.3°C lower ( P < 0.05) in the HI group, but the change in Tes from preexercise values before sweating onset was similar between groups. Sudomotor thermosensitivity during exercise were similar in both FHP ( P = 0.22) and REL ( P = 0.77) trials. In conclusion, changes in core temperature and sweating during exercise in a neutral climate are determined by Hprod, mass, and BSA, not V̇o2 peak.

Seasonal Changes in Fitness Parameters in a World Champion Rowing Crew

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavle Mikulic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Training Cycle ◽  
World Class ◽  
And Performance ◽  
World Champion ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

Purpose:To examine variations in physical, physiological, and performance parameters over an annual training cycle in a world champion rowing crew.Methods:Four world-class rowers, all of them members of the men’s heavyweight quadruple sculls squad who are current world rowing champions, were assessed 3 times at regular 4-mo intervals during the 2011 season (November 2010, March 2011, and July 2011). Physical assessments included stature, body mass, body composition, whereas physiological and performance assessments obtained during an incremental rowing ergometer test to exhaustion included maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic gas-exchange threshold with corresponding power output values.Results:Body mass (∼95 kg) and body composition (∼12% body fat) remained stable over the annual training cycle. Power output at anaerobic gas-exchange threshold increased +16% from November to July, whereas the corresponding oxygen uptake, expressed as a percentage of maximum oxygen uptake, increased from 83% to 90%. Maximum oxygen uptake decreased from 6.68 L/min in November to 6.10 L/min in March before rising to 6.51 L/min in July. The corresponding power output increased steadily from 450 W to 481 W.Conclusion:Seasonal variation in body mass and body composition of 4 examined world-class rowers was minimal. Oxygen uptake and power output corresponding to anaerobic threshold continuously increased from off-season to peak competition season. Seasonal variation in maximum oxygen uptake reached ∼10%; however, it remained above 6 L/min, that is, the value consistently observed in top caliber heavyweight rowers regardless of the time of the assessment.

Cardiorespiratory Effects of Weight Reduction by Exercise in Middle-Aged Women with Obesity

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Katoh ◽  
Y Hara ◽  
K Narutaki
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Exercise Period

The cardiorespiratory responses to weight reduction due to physical exercise were examined in fourteen women with obesity, aged 36 to 67 years (Body Mass Index, 32.4 ± 1.4 kg/m2). The patients were instructed to exercise at approximately 60% of maximum oxygen uptake for 2 h every day for approximately 3 months. To evaluate physical strength, a graded cycling exercise test was performed both before and after the exercise period, monitoring gas exchange, ventilation, and heart rate. After the exercise period the body mass index and percentage fat both decreased by 11% and 18%, respectively ( P < 0.001), although lean body mass did not change; maximum oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate did not change significantly, but peak ventilation equivalent, maximum metabolic equivalent and maximum load increased by 12%, 14% and 11%, respectively ( P < 0.05, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Maximum oxygen uptake per unit body weight increased by 5% ( P < 0.001). These results suggest that weight reduction as a result of exercise improves cardiorespiratory function in middle-aged women with obesity.

Level of cardiovascular fitness and it’s relationship with physical activity and body mass index in young adults of Islamabad

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zainab Khatoon ◽  
Muhammad Afzaal Afridi ◽  
Taqdees-e-Maryam ◽  
Afifa Gull ◽  
Hania Farheen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objective: To determine the level of cardiovascular fitness in young adults, and to find the relationship of maximum oxygen uptake with body mass index and physical activity. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at two private universities in Islamabad, Pakistan, from January to June 2019, and comprised subjects of both genders aged 18-25 years with normal cardiopulmonary system. Physical activity was measured usint the short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire, while maximum oxygen uptake was measured using the Bruce protocol. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. Results: Of the 321 subjects, 59(18.4%) were males and 262(81.6%) were females. The overall mean age was 21.15±1.73 years. Overall, 190(57.3%) subjects had normal body mass index, 86(26.8%) had high level of physical activity, and 85(26.5%) had moderate level. With respect to to maximum oxygen uptake, 28(47.5%) of the males were in the superior category, while 72(27.5%) women were in the good category. All the vitals along with dyspnoea and fatigue showed significant difference (p?0.05) except oxygen saturation (p=0.062). Maximum oxygen uptake showed negative weak (p=0.40) correlation with body mass index, and weak, positive and significant correlation (p=0.007) with physical activity. Conclusion: Majority of the young adults were found to be active as indicated by the levels of their maximum oxygen uptake and physical activity. Significant correlation was found between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity. Continuous...

Lower Leg High-Intensity Resistance Training and Peripheral Hemodynamic Adaptations

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Bond Jr. ◽  
Arthur T. Johnson ◽  
Paul Vaccaro ◽  
Paul Wang ◽  
Richard G. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Flow Limitation ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Calf Muscles ◽  
Blood Flow Limitation

High-intensity resistance (HIR) training has been associated with muscle hypertrophy and decreased microvascular density that might produce a blood flow limitation. The effect of HIR training on lower leg maximal blood flow and minimum vascular resistance (Rmin) during reactive hyperemia were investigated in 7 healthy males. The gastrocnemius-soleus muscles of one leg were trained using maximal isokinetic concentric contractions for 4 weeks; the nontrained leg was the control. Lower leg blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Lower leg muscle volume was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. Peak isokinetic torque increased in both the trained (T) and nontrained (NT) legs (p <.05). Lower leg muscle volume increased by 2% in the T leg only (p <.05). In the T leg, maximal blood flow decreased and Rmin increased (p <.05); no hemodynamic change was detected in the NT leg. It is concluded that HIR training of the calf muscles is associated with a decrease in hyperemia-induced blood flow; thereby, indicating a blood flow limitation to the calf muscles. Key words: Isokinetic strength training, reactive hyperemia

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