Airway luminal area and the resistive work of breathing during exercise in healthy young females and males

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carli Monica Peters ◽  
Michael G. Leahy ◽  
Geoffrey Hohert ◽  
Pierre Lane ◽  
Stephen Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Balloon Catheter ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Luminal Area ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the relationship between the work of breathing (Wb) during exercise and in vivo measures of airway size in healthy females and males. We hypothesized that sex-differences in airway luminal area (Ai) would explain the larger resistive Wb during exercise in females. Healthy participants (n=11 females and n=11 males; 19-30 y) completed a cycle exercise test to exhaustion where Wb was assessed using an esophageal balloon catheter. On a separate day, participants underwent a bronchoscopy procedure for optical coherence tomography measures of airways in the left (n=3) and right (n=4) lung. In vivo measures of Ai were made for the 4th-8th airway generations. A composite index of airway size was calculated as the sum of the Ai for each generation and the total area was calculated based on Weibel's model. We found that index of airway size (males: 37.4±6.3 mm2 vs. females: 27.5±7.4 mm2) and airway area calculated based on Weibel's model (males: 2274±557 mm2 vs. females: 1594±389 mm2) were significantly larger in males (both p=0.003). When minute ventilation was greater than ~60 l·min-1, the resistive Wb was higher in females. At the highest equivalent flow achieved by all subjects, resistance to inspired flow was larger in females and significantly associated with two measures of airway size: index of airway size (r=0.559, p=0.007) and Weibel area (r=0.541, p=0.009). Our findings suggest that innate sex-differences in Ai result in a greater resistive Wb during exercise in females compared to males.

Sex differences in the resistive and elastic work of breathing during exercise in endurance-trained athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (1) ◽  
pp. R166-R175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Guenette ◽  
Jordan S. Querido ◽  
Neil D. Eves ◽  
Romeo Chua ◽  
A. William Sheel
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Exercising Women ◽  
Body Mass Ratio

It is not known whether the high total work of breathing (WOB) in exercising women is higher due to differences in the resistive or elastic WOB. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine which factors contribute to the higher total WOB during exercise in women. We performed a comprehensive analysis of previous data from 16 endurance-trained subjects (8 men and 8 women) that underwent a progressive cycle exercise test to exhaustion. Esophageal pressure, lung volumes, and ventilatory parameters were continuously monitored throughout exercise. Modified Campbell diagrams were used to partition the esophageal-pressure volume data into inspiratory and expiratory resistive and elastic components at 50, 75, 100 l/min and maximal ventilations and also at three standardized submaximal work rates (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 W/kg). The total WOB was also compared between sexes at relative submaximal ventilations (25, 50, and 75% of maximal ventilation). The inspiratory resistive WOB at 50, 75, and 100 l/min was 67, 89, and 109% higher in women, respectively ( P < 0.05). The expiratory resistive WOB was 131% higher in women at 75 l/min ( P < 0.05) with no differences at 50 or 100 l/min. There were no significant sex differences in the inspiratory or expiratory elastic WOB across any absolute minute ventilation. However, the total WOB was 120, 60, 50, and 45% higher in men at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of maximal exercise ventilation, respectively ( P < 0.05). This was due in large part to their much higher tidal volumes and thus higher inspiratory elastic WOB. When standardized for a given work rate to body mass ratio, the total WOB was significantly higher in women at 3.5 W/kg (239 ± 31 vs. 173 ± 12 J/min, P < 0.05) and 4 W/kg (387 ± 53 vs. 243 ± 36 J/min, P < 0.05), and this was due exclusively to a significantly higher inspiratory and expiratory resistive WOB rather than differences in the elastic WOB. The higher total WOB in women at absolute ventilations and for a given work rate to body mass ratio is due to a substantially higher resistive WOB, and this is likely due to smaller female airways relative to males and a breathing pattern that favors a higher breathing frequency.

scholarly journals Respiratory energetics during exercise at high altitude

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1785-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Cibella ◽  
Giuseppina Cuttitta ◽  
Salvatore Romano ◽  
Bruno Grassi ◽  
Giovanni Bonsignore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
External Work ◽  
Exercise Ventilation ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high altitude (HA) on work of breathing and external work capacity. On the basis of simultaneous records of esophageal pressure and lung volume, the mechanical power of breathing (W˙rs) was measured in four normal subjects during exercise at sea level (SL) and after a 1-mo sojourn at 5,050 m. Maximal exercise ventilation (V˙e max) and maximal W˙rs were higher at HA than at SL (mean 185 vs. 101 l/min and 129 vs. 40 cal/min, respectively), whereas maximal O2 uptake averaged 2.07 and 3.03 l/min, respectively. In three subjects, the relationship ofW˙rs to minute ventilation (V˙e) was the same at SL and HA, whereas, in one individual, W˙rs for any givenV˙e was consistently lower at HA. Assuming a mechanical efficiency (E) of 5%, the O2 cost of breathing at HA and SL should amount to 26 and 5.5% of maximal O2 uptake, whereas for E of 20% the corresponding values were 6.5 and 1.4%, respectively. Thus, at HA, W˙rs may substantially limit external work unless E is high. Although at SLV˙e max did not exceed the critical V˙e, at which any increase inV˙e is not useful in terms of body energetics even for E of 5%, at HAV˙e maxexceeded critical V˙e even for E of 20%.

scholarly journals The effects of age and sex on mechanical ventilatory constraint and dyspnea during exercise in healthy humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 1092-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Molgat-Seon ◽  
Paolo B. Dominelli ◽  
Andrew H. Ramsook ◽  
Michele R. Schaeffer ◽  
Stéfan Molgat Sereacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Exertional Dyspnea ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Age And Sex

We examined the effects of age, sex, and their interaction on mechanical ventilatory constraint and dyspnea during exercise in 22 older (age = 68 ± 1 yr; n = 12 women) and 22 younger (age = 25 ± 1 y, n = 11 women) subjects. During submaximal exercise, older subjects had higher end-inspiratory (EILV) and end-expiratory (EELV) lung volumes than younger subjects (both P < 0.05). During maximal exercise, older subjects had similar EILV ( P > 0.05) but higher EELV than younger subjects ( P < 0.05). No sex differences in EILV or EELV were observed. We noted that women had a higher work of breathing (Wb) for a given minute ventilation (V̇e) ≥65 l/min than men ( P < 0.05) and older subjects had a higher Wb for a given V̇e ≥60 l/min ( P < 0.05). No sex or age differences in Wb were present at any submaximal relative V̇e. At absolute exercise intensities, older women experienced expiratory flow limitation (EFL) more frequently than older men ( P < 0.05), and older subjects were more likely to experience EFL than younger subjects ( P < 0.05). At relative exercise intensities, women and older individuals experienced EFL more frequently than men and younger individuals, respectively (both P < 0.05). There were significant effects of age, sex, and their interaction on dyspnea intensity during exercise at absolute, but not relative, intensities (all P < 0.05). Across subjects, dyspnea at 80 W was significantly correlated with indexes of mechanical ventilatory constraint (all P < 0.05). Collectively, our findings suggest age and sex have significant impacts on Wb, operating lung volumes, EFL, and dyspnea during exercise. Moreover, it appears that mechanical ventilatory constraint may partially explain sex differences in exertional dyspnea in older individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that age and sex have a significant effect on mechanical ventilatory constraint and the perception of dyspnea during exercise. We also observed that the perception of exertional dyspnea is associated with indexes of mechanical ventilatory constraint. Collectively, our results suggest that the combined influences of age and biological sex on mechanical ventilatory constraint during exercise contributes, in part, to the increased perception of dyspnea during exercise in older women.

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE AFFECT AND BOTH PROBLEM- AND EMOTIONFOCUSED COPING STRATEGIES

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Yamasaki ◽  
Akiko Sakai ◽  
Kanako Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
General Coping ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA) and reported use of problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies was investigated in a longitudinal study. Japanese undergraduates (200 men and 270 women) completed a version of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and the situational version of the General Coping Questionnaire (Sasaki & Yamasaki, 2004). These two measures were administered twice, five weeks apart (T1 and T2). The results showed some significant sex differences. Higher PA at T1 was associated with greater reported use of cognitive reinterpretation as a coping strategy at T2 only for men, whereas greater use of cognitive reinterpretation at T1 was associated with higher PA at T2 only for women. These results suggest that there is no mutually reciprocal relationship between PA and use of cognitive reinterpretation as a coping strategy.

Ultrastructural Correlations between Clonal Human Tumor Colonies and in Vivo Neoplasms

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M.J. Murphy ◽  
R.R. Price ◽  
J.C. Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tumor Mass ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Cloning Assay ◽  
Human Tumor Cloning ◽  
The Relationship

The in vitro human tumor cloning assay originally described by Salmon and Hamburger has been applied recently to the investigation of differential anti-tumor drug sensitivities over a broad range of human neoplasms. A major problem in the acceptance of this technique has been the question of the relationship between the cultured cells and the original patient tumor, i.e., whether the colonies that develop derive from the neoplasm or from some other cell type within the initial cell population. A study of the ultrastructural morphology of the cultured cells vs. patient tumor has therefore been undertaken to resolve this question. Direct correlation was assured by division of a common tumor mass at surgical resection, one biopsy being fixed for TEM studies, the second being rapidly transported to the laboratory for culture.

Visual Evoked-Response Correlates of Speechreading Performance in Normal-Hearing Adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J. Samar ◽  
Donald G. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Visual Evoked Response ◽  
Latency Measure ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Evoked

The relationship between the latency of the negative peak occurring at approximately 130 msec in the visual evoked-response (VER) and speechreading scores was investigated. A significant product-moment correlation of -.58 was obtained between the two measures, which confirmed the fundamental effect but was significantly weaker than that previously reported in the literature (-.90). Principal components analysis of the visual evoked-response waveforms revealed a previously undiscovered early VER component, statistically independent of the latency measure, which in combination with two other components predicted speechreading with a multiple correlation coefficient of S4. The potential significance of this new component for the study of individual differences in speechreading ability is discussed.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

Do Extra-Platelet Sources Contribute to the Plasma Level of Thrombospondin?

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (02) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Dawes ◽  
D A Pratt ◽  
M S Dewar ◽  
F E Preston
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Bone Marrow Depression ◽  
Serial Sampling ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Platelet Release ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThrombospondin, a trimeric glycoprotein contained in the platelet α-granules, has been proposed as a marker of in vivo platelet activation. However, it is also synthesised by a range of other cells. The extraplatelet contribution to plasma levels of thrombospondin was therefore estimated by investigating the relationship between plasma thrombospondin levels and platelet count in samples from profoundly thrombocytopenic patients with marrow hypoplasia, using the platelet-specific α-granule protein β-thromboglobulin as control. Serum concentrations of both proteins were highly correlated with platelet count, but while plasma β-thromboglobulin levels and platelet count also correlated, there was no relationship between the number of platelets and thrombospondin concentrations in plasma. Serial sampling of patients recovering from bone marrow depression indicated that the plasma thrombospondin contributed by platelets is superimposed on a background concentration of at least 50 ng/ml probably derived from a non-platelet source, and plasma thrombospondin levels do not simply reflect platelet release.

Dose Requirement for Replacement Therapy in Hemophilia A

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (03) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Allain
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Severe Hemophilia ◽  
Dose Requirement ◽  
Viii Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
In Vivo Recovery ◽  
Different Doses

SummaryIn order to determine the correlation between different doses of F. VIII and their clinical effect,. 70 children with severe hemophilia A were studied after treatment with single doses of cryoprecipitate. The relationship between plasma F. VIII levels or doses calculated in u/ kg of body weight and clinical results followed an exponential curve. Plasma F. VIII levels of 0.35 and 0.53 u/ml corresponded to 95 and 99% satisfactory treatment, respectively. Similar clinical results were obtained with 20 and 31 u/kg. When the in vivo recovery of F. VIII after lyophilized cryoprecipitate was 0.015 u/ml for each u/kg injected, plasma F. VIII levels of 0.30 and 0.47 u/ml respectively were achieved. Since home treatment is largely based on single infusions of F. VIII, it is suggested that moderate and severe hemorrhages be treated with a dose which will provide a plasma F. VIII level of 0.5 u/ml.

Relationship of Love, Affect and Wellbeing

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Thiyam Kiran Singh ◽  
Aastha Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Close Friendship ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Love is more than a close friendship. It acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationship. Love is positive in nature and leaves a positive affect on every individual. An individual in love not only feels positive but spreads positivity around. They smile, be kind to other people, behave compassionately with everyone. If the person is happy then he is likely to be psychologically and emotionally healthy. The current study aimed at understanding the relationship between love, affect and wellbeing among young females aged between 20-25 years. The study reported a significant positive relationship between love and positive affect with the significant correlation of 0.29 at 0.05 levels (p<0.05). It was also found a significant positive relationship between love and wellbeing with the significant correlation of 0.58 at 0.01 level (p<0.01). This means that people in love experience positive emotions and healthy wellbeing. The correlation between love and negative affect came out to be insignificant. The correlation turned out to be -0.13. This means that people in love do not experience negative emotions.

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