scholarly journals Presynaptic and extrasynaptic regulation of posterior nucleus of thalamus

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 507-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Park ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Radi Masri ◽  
Asaf Keller
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Presynaptic Receptors ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maladaptive Plasticity ◽  
First Time

The posterior nucleus of thalamus (PO) is a higher-order nucleus involved in sensorimotor processing, including nociception. An important characteristic of PO is its wide range of activity profiles that vary across states of arousal, thought to underlie differences in somatosensory perception subject to attention and degree of consciousness. Furthermore, PO loses the ability to downregulate its activity level in some forms of chronic pain, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms underlying the normal modulation of PO activity may be pathologically altered. However, the mechanisms responsible for regulating such a wide dynamic range of activity are unknown. Here, we test a series of hypotheses regarding the function of several presynaptic receptors on both GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents targeting PO in mouse, using acute slice electrophysiology. We found that presynaptic GABAB receptors are present on both GABAergic and glutamatergic terminals in PO, but only those on GABAergic terminals are tonically active. We also found that release from GABAergic terminals, but not glutamatergic terminals, is suppressed by cholinergic activation and that a subpopulation of GABAergic terminals is regulated by cannabinoids. Finally, we discovered the presence of tonic currents mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in PO that are heterogeneously distributed across the nucleus. Thus we demonstrate that multiple regulatory mechanisms concurrently exist in PO, and we propose that regulation of inhibition, rather than excitation, is the more consequential mechanism by which PO activity can be regulated. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The posterior nucleus of thalamus (PO) is a key sensorimotor structure, whose activity is tightly regulated by inhibition from several nuclei. Maladaptive plasticity in this inhibition leads to severe pathologies, including chronic pain. We reveal here, for the first time in PO, multiple regulatory mechanisms that modulate synaptic transmission within PO. These findings may lead to targeted therapies for chronic pain and other disorders.

HIDING SECRET DATA THROUGH STEGANOGRAPHY IN VOIP

2017 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
SHILPA SUNIL WANKHADE ◽  
PROF. RAMESH V. SHAHABADE
Keyword(s):  
Information Hiding ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Voice Over Internet Protocol ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Voice Packets ◽  
Voice Chat ◽  
The Voice

Steganography is an effective way of hiding secret data, by this means of protecting the data from unauthorized or unwanted viewing. Using cryptography technique will encrypt and decrypt message to provide better security. Cryptography protects the message from being read by unauthorized parties, steganography lets the sender conceal the fact that he has even sent a message. One of the new and promising communication medium that can be used as steganography is the Voice over Internet Protocol. VOIP covers a wide range of information hiding techniques. The main idea is to use free unused fields of VOIP protocols like TCP, UDP etc. By hiding one secret text into the cover speech using steganography we can get a stego speech, which sounds indistinguishable from the original cover speech. So even if the Hackers/crackers catch the audio packets on network, they would not notice that there is some secret text hidden inside it. To develop a Voice Chat Tool, this can also enable us to send secret data hidden inside the voice packets at the same time. We used LSB method of steganography and for better security we provide encryption to the message to be sent. There is no restriction on the length of message as more the communicators talk larger the file is sent. Human auditory system (HAS) operates over a wide dynamic range. It is challenging to hide secret data inside audio.

scholarly journals Detectors Array for In Situ Electron Beam Imaging by 16-nm FinFET CMOS Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Ping Wang ◽  
Burn Jeng Lin ◽  
Jiaw-Ren Shih ◽  
Yue-Der Chih ◽  
Jonathan Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range ◽  
Timely Feedback ◽  
Storage Node ◽  
External Power ◽  
First Time

AbstractA novel in situ imaging solution and detectors array for the focused electron beam (e-beam) are the first time proposed and demonstrated. The proposed in-tool, on-wafer e-beam detectors array features full FinFET CMOS logic compatibility, compact 2 T pixel structure, fast response, high responsivity, and wide dynamic range. The e-beam imaging pattern and detection results can be further stored in the sensing/storage node without external power supply, enabling off-line electrical reading, which can be used to rapidly provide timely feedback of the key parameters of the e-beam on the projected wafers, including dosage, accelerating energy, and intensity distributions.

A high-bandwidth low current transimpedance amplification circuit

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. P11032
Author(s):  
Hao Liu ◽  
Chunhui Dong ◽  
XinYing Yang ◽  
Feng Cheng ◽  
Qingxian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Parasitic Capacitance ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Transimpedance Amplifier ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Integral Nonlinearity ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Circuit Noise ◽  
Current Drift

Abstract A measuring circuit is designed based on the transimpedance amplifier. The methods of reducing parasitic capacitance and improving amplifier performance are introduced in detail. The influence of the parasitic capacitance generated by the feedback resistors on the bandwidth in the transimpedance amplification circuit is discussed. The circuit can measure the wide-dynamic-range low current ranging from 10-13 A to 10-5 A in four ranges. The circuit's bandwidth is up to 500 Hz when the circuit can normally work to measure a wide-range low current. The peak-to-peak amplitude of circuit noise is less than 0.22 pA. The current drift is less than 1.06 fA/∘C over a temperature range of 0∘C to 85∘C, and the integral nonlinearity is less than 0.25%.

scholarly journals Design of MOS-translinear Multiplier/Dividers in Analog VLSI

VLSI Design ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio J. Lopez-Martin ◽  
Alfonso Carlosena
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Current Mode ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Analog Vlsi ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Analog Multiplier ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cascade Connection

A general framework for designing current-mode CMOS analog multiplier/divider circuits based on the cascade connection of a geometric-mean circuit and a squarer/divider is presented. It is shown how both building blocks can be readily obtained from a generic second-order MOS translinear loop. Various implementations are proposed, featuring simplicity, favorable precision and wide dynamic range. They can be successfully employed in a wide range of analog VLSI processing tasks. Experimental results of two versions, based on stacked and folded MOS-translinear loops and fabricated in a 2.4-μm CMOS process, are provided in order to verify the correctness of the proposed approach.

Slow-Scan CCD Observation of Backscattering Patterns in SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1308-1309
Author(s):  
F. Ouyang ◽  
D. A. Ray ◽  
O. L. Krivanek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range ◽  
Peltier Cooler ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Scanning Electron

Electron backscattering Kikuchi diffraction patterns (BKDP) reveal useful information about the structure and orientation of crystals under study. With the well focused electron beam in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), one can use BKDP as a microanalysis tool. BKDPs have been recorded in SEMs using a phosphor screen coupled to an intensified TV camera through a lens system, and by photographic negatives. With the development of fiber-optically coupled slow scan CCD (SSC) cameras for electron beam imaging, one can take advantage of their high sensitivity and wide dynamic range for observing BKDP in SEM.We have used the Gatan 690 SSC camera to observe backscattering patterns in a JEOL JSM-840A SEM. The CCD sensor has an active area of 13.25 mm × 8.83 mm and 576 × 384 pixels. The camera head, which consists of a single crystal YAG scintillator fiber optically coupled to the CCD chip, is located inside the SEM specimen chamber. The whole camera head is cooled to about -30°C by a Peltier cooler, which permits long integration times (up to 100 seconds).

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

Design of an Offner convex grating radiation calibration light source with a wide dynamic range

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1093
Author(s):  
XU Da ◽  
◽  
YUE Shi-xin ◽  
ZHANG Guo-yu ◽  
SUN Gao-fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Wide Dynamic Range

Innovation in Byzantine Medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Bouras-Vallianatos
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Medieval Medicine ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
First Time

Byzantine medicine is still a little-known and misrepresented field not only in the wider arena of debates on medieval medicine but also among Byzantinists. Byzantine medical literature is often viewed as ‘stagnant’ and mainly preserving ancient ideas; and our knowledge of it continues to be based to a great extent on the comments of earlier authorities, which are often repeated uncritically. This book presents the first comprehensive examination of the medical corpus of, arguably, the most important late Byzantine physician John Zacharias Aktouarios (c.1275–c.1330). The main thesis is that John’s medical works show an astonishing degree of openness to knowledge from outside Byzantium combined with a significant degree of originality, in particular, in the fields of uroscopy, pharmacology, and human physiology. The analysis of John’s edited (On Urines and On Psychic Pneuma) and unedited (Medical Epitome) works is supported for the first time by the consultation of a large number of manuscripts. The study is also informed by evidence from a wide range of medical sources, including previously unpublished ones, and texts from other genres, such as epistolography and merchants’ accounts. The contextualization of John’s works sheds new light on the development of Byzantine medical thought and practice, and enhances our understanding of the late Byzantine social and intellectual landscape. Finally, John’s medical observations are also examined in the light of examples from the medieval Latin and Islamic worlds, placing his medical theories in the wider Mediterranean milieu and highlighting the cultural exchange between Byzantium and its neighbours.

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