Reduced Excitatory Drive in Interneurons in an Animal Model of Cortical Dysplasia

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Xiang ◽  
Huan-Xin Chen ◽  
Xin-Xin Yu ◽  
Michael A. King ◽  
Steven N. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Cortical Dysplasia ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
And Control ◽  
Excitatory Drive ◽  
Types Of Interneurons

Cortical dysplasia (CD) is strongly associated with epilepsy. Enhanced excitability in dysplastic neuronal networks is believed to contribute to epileptogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms for the hyperexcitability are poorly understood. Cortical GABAergic interneurons provide the principal inhibition in the neuronal networks by forming inhibitory synapses on excitatory neurons. The aim of the present study was to determine if the function of interneurons in CD is compromised. In a rat model of CD, in utero irradiation, we studied spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs and mEPSCs) in cortical interneurons using whole cell recording techniques. Two types of interneurons, type I and type II, were identified based on their distinctive spike patterns and short-term synaptic plasticity. We found that the frequencies of sEPSCs and mEPSCs were significantly decreased in both types of interneurons in CD. However, the amplitude and kinetics of sEPSCs and mEPSCs were not different. Five-pulse, 20-Hz stimulation produced short-term depression in type I interneurons in both CD and control tissue. Type II interneurons showed a robust short-term facilitation in both CD and control tissue. Morphological analysis of biocytin-filled neurons revealed that dendritic trees of both types of interneurons were not altered in CD. Our results demonstrate that the excitatory drive, namely sEPSCs and mEPSCs, in two main types of interneuron is largely attenuated in CD, probably due to a reduction in the number of excitatory synapses on both types of interneurons in CD.

scholarly journals Implications of Aerobic Exercises and Walking Parallel to Diabetes Medications on Diabetic Sportspersons

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Fehmida Ayub ◽  
Abida Naseer ◽  
Saeed Javed ◽  
Adnan Asghar ◽  
Abd Rahim Mohd Shariff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective: Diabetes have a central contribution with type I or type II towards the healthy lifestyles of sportspersons. Aerobic exercise and daily walking stay them fit and control their glucose levels in their bloodstream. The aim of this study was to find out the effects of aerobic exercises and walk on the sportspersons of type I and II diabetes. Methodology: The existing research has experimental design itself wherein pre-tests and post-tests were employed to make sure the novelty of results. The data was collected from the diabetic sportspersons dividing them equally into control group (N-20) and experimental group (N-20). Both groups had type I (N-20) and type II (N-20) diabetic individuals. Aerobic exercise and walk protocol was applied for six weeks on experimental group, whereas, control group continued their routine activities. Afterwards, the data was collected through pre and post treatments and edited into SPSS (v-26). The collected data was analyzed through descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages, whereas, T-test was applied to make the differences of pre and post treatments. Results: The findings has shown that aerobic exercises and walk decrease the higher levels of glucose in blood and enable to stable glycemic balance, weight loss maintenance, decrease insulin resistance, blood pressure decrease, and blood glucose control. Conclusion: The prominent differences were observed between control and experimental groups either type I or type II. It was concluded that the sportspersons may reduce the excessive glucose engaging in aerobic exercises and walk on daily basis rather than using medications. They should spend their happy lives and get rid of medications and insulin through spending their spare time using light exercises and maintain their glucose levels in blood as well.

scholarly journals Roles of gene transcription and PKA subtype activation in maturation of murine oocytes

Reproduction ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Rodriguez ◽  
RM Petters ◽  
AE Crosier ◽  
CE Farin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Cumulus Cell ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Germinal Vesicle Breakdown ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Control ◽  
Alpha Amanitin

The aims of this study were to examine the role of transcription and the coincident involvement of type I and type II protein kinase A (PKA) in the resumption of meiosis in murine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) using the transcriptional inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and alpha-amanitin. The first series of experiments was designed to: (i) characterize the role of transcription in gonadotrophin-mediated and spontaneous maturation of murine oocytes; (ii) examine the roles of specific gonadotrophins (FSH versus hCG) and cumulus cells in transcriptionally mediated oocyte maturation; and (iii) determine the reversibility of the transcriptional arrest of meiosis. In the presence of FSH, transcriptional inhibitors arrested germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) (DRB: 2 +/- 2% and control: 76 +/- 2%; alpha-amanitin: 4 +/- 4% and control: 70 +/- 4%). Furthermore, cumulus cells were required for transcriptional inhibitors to arrest GVBD (DRB with cumulus cells: 0 +/- 15%; DRB without cumulus cells: 94 +/- 13%; alpha-amanitin with cumulus cells: 15 +/- 2%; alpha-amanitin without cumulus cells: 99 +/- 2%). Thus, in mice, FSH-mediated GVBD uses a transcriptional mechanism, which probably occurs within the cumulus cell compartment. In a second series of experiments, the role of transcription in mediating the resumption of meiosis after activation of either type I or type II PKA was examined. Activation of type I PKA in murine COCs resulted in an arrest of GVBD that was independent of a transcriptional event (with DRB: 7 +/- 9% GVBD; without DRB: 11 +/- 9% GVBD). In contrast, activation of type II PKA resulted in a resumption of meiosis, which required the occurrence of gene transcription (with DRB: 12 +/- 9% GVBD; without DRB: 80 +/- 9% GVBD). As FSH binding to cumulus cells activates the PKA second messenger system, our results indicate that, in cultured murine COCs, FSH binding to cumulus cells results in the activation of type II PKA, which, in turn, mediates a downstream transcriptional event required for the initiation of GVBD.

Antegrade Transsphenoidal Vidian Neurectomy: Short-Term Surgical Outcome Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. e217-e220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Fu Su ◽  
Shao-Cheng Liu ◽  
Feng-Shiang Chiu ◽  
Chia-Hsuan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Transsphenoidal Approach ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Surgical Morbidity ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Vidian Neurectomy

Background Vidian neurectomy was an option for treating allergic rhinitis in the past but outcomes varied. A modified transsphenoidal approach is proposed to simplify endoscopic vidian neurectomy. The postoperative evaluation of rhinorrhea, sneezing, and recurrence was investigated. Methods A total of 317 patients with refractory allergic rhinitis underwent 414 transsphenoidal vidian neurectomies from September 2006 to December 2010. A rigid nasal endoscope was used through a transsphenoidal approach to reach the vidian canal inside the sphenoid sinus (type I) or through its anterior opening into the pterygopalatine fossa (type II) and to cut or cauterize the vidian nerve. The surgical outcomes were analyzed for patients with at least 6 months of follow-up. Results Our approach was successful in 90.3% of the 414 vidian neurectomies. Vidian neurectomy was successful via the type I approach in 27 sides and type II approach in 347 sides. The short-term surgical outcomes of 163 patients who underwent a total of 236 vidian neurectomies with at least 6 months of follow-up were analyzed. Immediate, complete cessation of sneezing and rhinorrhea occurred uniformly. Three recurrences were detected during the 1–2 years of follow-up. The symptom of dry eye was reported for 172 surgical sides, but only 6 had persistent symptoms for > 6 months. Conclusion The transsphenoidal approach in a vidian neurectomy is a simple method that removes the need for sphenopalatine artery ligation and causes less surgical morbidity. However, the possibility of recurrence of this condition in the long term needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Total and Free Deoxypyridinoline after Acute Osteoclast Activity Inhibition

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1510-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Rubinacci ◽  
Raffaella Melzi ◽  
Maria Zampino ◽  
Armando Soldarini ◽  
Isabella Villa
Keyword(s):  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Type I ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oral Calcium ◽  
Osteoclast Activity ◽  
High Bone ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) is one of the two pyridinium cross-links that provide structural rigidity to type I collagen in bone. During osteoclastic resorption, Dpd is released into circulation and is excreted in the urine in free and peptide-bound forms. Free and total Dpd are highly correlated, but whether the free-to-total cross-link ratio is constant in both normal and high bone turnover states remains controversial. To compare free and total Dpd performance in a physiological condition, urinary free and total Dpd were measured after a short-term inhibition of osteoclast activity such as that induced by an oral calcium load. Methods: Total and free Dpd were measured by HPLC and by immunosorbent assay, respectively, in two groups of subjects, one (calcium-treated; n = 16) taking calcium and the other not (control; n = 9). Results: The urinary excretion of total Dpd at 2 and 4 h after oral calcium loading was decreased compared with controls. By contrast, changes in free Dpd were similar in the calcium-treated and control groups, reflecting only circadian rhythm. Conclusions: Total and free Dpd do not show comparable sensitivity in detecting short-term inhibition of osteoclast activity. The degradation process of peptide-bound to free Dpd could render free Dpd insensitive to acute changes of osteoclast activity.

Energy metabolism in single human muscle fibers during contraction without and with epinephrine infusion

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (5) ◽  
pp. E713-E718 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenhaff ◽  
J. M. Ren ◽  
K. Soderlund ◽  
E. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type I Fibers ◽  
Type Ii Fibers ◽  
Femoris Muscle

The concentrations of glycogen, ATP, and phosphocreatine were analyzed in types I and II muscle fibers separated from biopsy samples of the quadriceps femoris muscle in five healthy volunteers. Muscle samples were obtained before and after 64 s of intermittent electrical stimulation. The experiment was carried out without and with epinephrine (Epi) infusion. Before stimulation the glycogen concentration was 11% higher in type II than in type I fibers (P less than 0.05). During electrical stimulation, rapid glycogenolysis occurred in type II fibers with hardly any detectable glycogenolysis in type I fibers. The calculated rates of glycogenolysis were 0.18 +/- 0.14 and 3.54 +/- 0.53 mmol glucose.kg dry muscle-1.s-1 in types I and II fibers, respectively. Epi infusion increased the rate of glycogenolysis during electrical stimulation in type I fibers (10-fold) but did not enhance the rate in type II fibers (P greater than 0.05). It is considered that, during short-term maximal muscle contraction, rapid muscle glycogenolysis occurs predominantly in type II fibers even though types I and II fibers are recruited and that, when Epi stimulation of glycogenolysis occurs, this is predominantly limited to type I fibers.

Central stimulatory effect of leptin on T3production is mediated by brown adipose tissue type II deiodinase

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (5) ◽  
pp. E980-E987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Cettour-Rose ◽  
Albert G. Burger ◽  
Christoph A. Meier ◽  
Theo J. Visser ◽  
Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Food Consumed

To assess whether intracerebroventricular leptin administration affects monodeiodinase type II (D2) activity in the tissues where it is expressed [cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary, and brown adipose tissue (BAT)], hepatic monodeiodinase type I (D1) activity was inhibited with propylthiouracil (PTU), and small doses of thyroxine (T4; 0.6 nmol · 100 g body wt−1 · day−1) were supplemented to compensate for the PTU-induced hypothyroidism. Two groups of rats were infused with leptin for 6 days, one of them being additionally treated with reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), an inhibitor of D2. Control rats were infused with vehicle and pair-fed the amount of food consumed by leptin-infused animals. Central leptin administration produced marked increases in D2 mRNA expression and activity in BAT, changes that were likely responsible for increased plasma T3 and decreased plasma T4 levels. Indeed, plasma T3 and T4 concentrations were unaltered by central leptin administration in the presence of rT3. The additional observation of a leptin-induced increased mRNA expression of BAT uncoupling protein-1 suggested that the effect on BAT D2 may be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Pharmacological Foundations of Cannabis Chemovars

Planta Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (04) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lewis ◽  
Ethan Russo ◽  
Kevin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Chemical Profiles

AbstractAn advanced Mendelian Cannabis breeding program has been developed utilizing chemical markers to maximize the yield of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids with the aim to improve therapeutic efficacy and safety. Cannabis is often divided into several categories based on cannabinoid content. Type I, Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-predominant, is the prevalent offering in both medical and recreational marketplaces. In recent years, the therapeutic benefits of cannabidiol have been better recognized, leading to the promotion of additional chemovars: Type II, Cannabis that contains both Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and cannabidiol-predominant Type III Cannabis. While high-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and high-myrcene chemovars dominate markets, these may not be optimal for patients who require distinct chemical profiles to achieve symptomatic relief. Type II Cannabis chemovars that display cannabidiol- and terpenoid-rich profiles have the potential to improve both efficacy and minimize adverse events associated with Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure. Cannabis samples were analyzed for cannabinoid and terpenoid content, and analytical results are presented via PhytoFacts, a patent-pending method of graphically displaying phytocannabinoid and terpenoid content, as well as scent, taste, and subjective therapeutic effect data. Examples from the breeding program are highlighted and include Type I, II, and III Cannabis chemovars, those highly potent in terpenoids in general, or single components, for example, limonene, pinene, terpinolene, and linalool. Additionally, it is demonstrated how Type I – III chemovars have been developed with conserved terpenoid proportions. Specific chemovars may produce enhanced analgesia, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety effects, while simultaneously reducing sequelae of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol such as panic, toxic psychosis, and short-term memory impairment.

Assessment and surgical outcomes for mild type I and severe type II cortical dysplasia: A critical review and the UCLA experience

Epilepsia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1310-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason T. Lerner ◽  
Noriko Salamon ◽  
Jason S. Hauptman ◽  
Tonicarlo R. Velasco ◽  
Marta Hemb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Cortical Dysplasia ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Severe Type

scholarly journals Use of Metaphyseal Sleeves in Revision Knee Arthroplasty

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
M. V Girkalo ◽  
I. A Norkin
Keyword(s):  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Revision Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Total Knee

Purpose. To study the short-term results of revision knee arthroplasty performed using metaphyseal sleeves. Patients and methods. During the period from 2013 to 2015 the total number of 40 patients was operated on. Type I femoral defects (by AORI classification) were diagnosed in 11 (27.5%), type II - in 26 (65.0%), type III - in 3 (7.5%) cases. Type I tibial defects were diagnosed in 2 (5.0%), type IIa - in 24 (65.0%), type IIb - in 11 (27.0%) and type III - in 3 (7.54%) cases. Metaphyseal femoral sleeves were used in 8 and metaphyseal tibial sleeve - in 40 patients. Results. Follow up period made up from 12 to 43 (mean 32.8) months. Excellent and good results by KSS scale were achieved in 30 (75.0%) of patients, by functional KSS scale - in 24 (60.0%) patients. Mean point by Knee Society Total Knee Arthroplasty Roentgenographic Evaluation scale in patients with femoral and tibial metaphyseal sleeves made up 2.35 versus 0.375 that confirmed the absence of progressive bone resorption. No one case of aseptic instability of the revision implant was observed. Repeated surgical intervention due to reinfection and knee joint contracture with pain syndrome was performed in 2 (5.0%) patients. Conclusion. The obtained data enable to recommend the use of metaphyseal sleeves for revision knee arthroplasty in patients with tibial and femoral defects of types II and III by AORI classification.

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