Nutritional genomics

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Stover
Keyword(s):  
Genome Stability ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Nutritional Genomics ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Complex Chronic Disease ◽  
Nutritional Sciences

The integration of genomics into nutritional sciences has illuminated the complexity of genome responses to nutritional exposures while offering opportunities to increase the effectiveness of nutritional interventions, both clinical and population based. Nutrients elicit multiple physiological responses that affect genome stability, imprinting, expression, and viability. These effects confer both health benefits and risks, some of which may not become apparent until later in life. Nutritional genomics challenges us to understand the reciprocal and complex interactions among the human genome and dietary components in normal physiology and pathophysiology. Understanding these interactions will refine current definitions of benefit and risk and lead to the establishment of dietary recommendations that have a high predictive value, minimize the risk of unintended consequences, and account for the modifying effects of human genetic variation. Furthermore, nutritional genomics will enable the design of effective dietary regimens for the prevention and management of complex chronic disease. This review focuses on new perspectives that have been presented to the nutritional sciences by the advent of genomics, and new challenges that demand attention because of their potential impact on, and immediate translation into, current public health nutrition recommendations and interventions.

Applying Genomics for Personalized Nutrition in Clinical Practice

2019 ◽  
pp. 565-580
Author(s):  
Nanci Guest ◽  
Joseph Jamnik ◽  
Bibiana García-Bailo ◽  
Daiva E. Nielsen ◽  
Ahmed El-Sohemy
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Personalized Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Nutritional Genomics

The role of genetic variation in influencing an individual’s response to diet and nutritional interventions is being increasingly recognized in nutrition research and practice. Discoveries in the field of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics have paved the way for personalized nutrition by enabling us to tailor dietary recommendations to an individual’s genotype. This level of personalization is expected to hold great benefit by better aligning dietary recommendations with an individual’s requirements and potentially motivating favorable dietary changes that impact chronic disease risk. In this review, we discuss key findings in the field of nutritional genomics, issues surrounding genetic testing for personalized nutrition, and the role health care providers will play in delivering the science to individuals.

Minerals Intake Distributions in a Large Sample of Iranian at-Risk Population Using the National Cancer Institute Method: Do They Meet Their Requirements?

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Heidari ◽  
Awat Feizi ◽  
Leila Azadbakht ◽  
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract. Background: Minerals are required for the body’s normal function. Aim: The current study assessed the intake distribution of minerals and estimated the prevalence of inadequacy and excess among a representative sample of healthy middle aged and elderly Iranian people. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the second follow up to the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS), 1922 generally healthy people aged 40 and older were investigated. Dietary intakes were collected using 24 hour recalls and two or more consecutive food records. Distribution of minerals intake was estimated using traditional (averaging dietary intake days) and National Cancer Institute (NCI) methods, and the results obtained from the two methods, were compared. The prevalence of minerals intake inadequacy or excess was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method, the probability approach and the tolerable upper intake levels (UL). Results: There were remarkable differences between values obtained using traditional and NCI methods, particularly in the lower and upper percentiles of the estimated intake distributions. A high prevalence of inadequacy of magnesium (50 - 100 %), calcium (21 - 93 %) and zinc (30 - 55 % for males > 50 years) was observed. Significant gender differences were found regarding inadequate intakes of calcium (21 - 76 % for males vs. 45 - 93 % for females), magnesium (92 % vs. 100 %), iron (0 vs. 15 % for age group 40 - 50 years) and zinc (29 - 55 % vs. 0 %) (all; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Severely imbalanced intakes of magnesium, calcium and zinc were observed among the middle-aged and elderly Iranian population. Nutritional interventions and population-based education to improve healthy diets among the studied population at risk are needed.

scholarly journals Integration of various dimensions in food-based dietary guidelines via mathematical approaches Report of a DGE/FENS Workshop in Bonn, Germany, 23-24 September 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Anne Carolin Schäfer ◽  
Annemarie Schmidt ◽  
Angela Bechthold ◽  
Heiner Boeing ◽  
Bernhard Watzl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Simultaneous Integration ◽  
Joint Workshop ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Diverse Data ◽  
Mathematical Optimisation

Abstract In the past, food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) were derived nearly exclusively by using systematic reviews on diet-health-relationships and translating dietary reference values for nutrient intake into foods. This approach neglects many other implications that dietary recommendations have on society, the economy and environment. In view of pressing challenges, such as climate change and the rising burden of diet-related diseases, the simultaneous integration of evidence-based findings from different dimensions into FBDGs is required. Consequently, mathematical methods and data processing are evolving as powerful tools in nutritional sciences. The possibilities and reasons for the derivation of FBDGs via mathematical approaches were the subject of a joint workshop hosted by the German Nutrition Society (DGE) and the Federation of European Nutrition Societies (FENS) in September 2019 in Bonn, Germany. European scientists were invited to discuss and exchange on the topics of mathematical optimisation for the development of FBDGs and different approaches to integrate various dimensions into FBDGs. We concluded that mathematical optimisation is a suitable tool to formulate FBDGs finding trade-offs between conflicting goals and taking several dimensions into account. We identified a lack of evidence for the extent to which constraints and weights for different dimensions are set and the challenge to compile diverse data that suit the demands of optimisation models. We also found that individualisation via mathematical optimisation is one perspective of FBDGs to increase consumer acceptance, but the application of mathematical optimisation for population-based and individual FBDGs requires more experience and evaluation for further improvements.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood characteristics as a predictor of adherence to dietary recommendations: A population-based cohort study of Finnish adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 140349482097149
Author(s):  
Hanna Lagström ◽  
Jaana I. Halonen ◽  
Sakari Suominen ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Sari Stenholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Neighbourhood Characteristics ◽  
Severe Life Events ◽  
Dietary Score

Aims: To investigate the association of six-year cumulative level of socioeconomic neighbourhood disadvantage and population density with subsequent adherence to dietary recommendations, controlling for preceding dietary adherence, in adults in Finland. Methods: Population-based Health and Social Support (HeSSup) study participants from four age groups (20–24, 30–34, 40–44 and 50–54 years at baseline in 1998). Data on diet and alcohol consumption were obtained from the 2003 and 2012 surveys and information on neighbourhoods from Statistics Finland Grid database ( n = 10,414 men and women). Participants diet was measured as adherence to Nordic Nutrition recommendation (score range 0–100). Neighbourhood disadvantage was measured by median household income, proportion of those with primary education only and unemployment rate, and population density by the number of adult population between years 2007 and 2012. Linear models were used to assess the associations of neighbourhood characteristics with the score for adherence to dietary recommendations in 2012. Results: Cumulative neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with slightly weaker (1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI) −1.89 to −1.09) point decrease in dietary score) adherence while higher population density was associated with better (0.70 (95% CI 0.38−1.01) point increase in dietary score) adherence to dietary recommendations. These associations remained after controlling for prior dietary habits, sociodemographic, chronic cardio-metabolic diseases, and severe life events. Conclusions: These longitudinal findings support the hypothesis that neighbourhood characteristics affect dietary habits.

scholarly journals Scoring models of a diet quality index and the predictive capability of mortality in a population-based cohort of Swedish men and women

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Drake ◽  
Bo Gullberg ◽  
Emily Sonestedt ◽  
Peter Wallström ◽  
Margaretha Persson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Scoring Model ◽  
Diet Quality Index ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Dietary Indices

AbstractObjectiveTo examine how different scoring models for a diet quality index influence associations with mortality outcomes.DesignA study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Food and nutrient intakes were estimated using a diet history method. The index included six components: SFA, PUFA, fish and shellfish, fibre, fruit and vegetables, and sucrose. Component scores were assigned using predefined (based on dietary recommendations) and population-based cut-offs (based on median or quintile intakes). Multivariate Cox regression was used to model associations between index scores (low, medium, high) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality by sex.SettingMalmö, the third largest city in Sweden.SubjectsMen (n 6940) and women (n 10 186) aged 44–73 years. During a mean follow-up of 14·2 years, 2450 deaths occurred, 1221 from cancer and 709 from CVD.ResultsThe predictive capability of the index for mortality outcomes varied with type of scoring model and by sex. Stronger associations were seen among men using predefined cut-offs. In contrast, the quintile-based scoring model showed greater predictability for mortality outcomes among women. The scoring model using median-based cut-offs showed low predictability for mortality among both men and women.ConclusionsThe scoring model used for dietary indices may have a significant impact on observed associations with disease outcomes. The rationale for selection of scoring model should be included in studies investigating the association between dietary indices and disease. Adherence to the current dietary recommendations was in the present study associated with decreased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, particularly among men.

scholarly journals How to Tackle the Relationship between Autoimmune Diseases and Diet: Well Begun Is Half-Done

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3956
Author(s):  
Camilla Barbero Mazzucca ◽  
Davide Raineri ◽  
Giuseppe Cappellano ◽  
Annalisa Chiocchetti
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ecological Correlation

Nutrition and immunity are closely related, and the immune system is composed of the most highly energy-consuming cells in the body. Much of the immune system is located within the GI tract, since it must deal with the huge antigenic load introduced with food. Moreover, the incidence of immune-mediated diseases is elevated in Westernized countries, where “transition nutrition” prevails, owing to the shift from traditional dietary patterns towards Westernized patterns. This ecological correlation has fostered increasing attempts to find evidence to support nutritional interventions aimed at managing and reducing the risk of immune-mediated diseases. Recent studies have described the impacts of single nutrients on markers of immune function, but the knowledge currently available is not sufficient to demonstrate the impact of specific dietary patterns on immune-mediated clinical disease endpoints. If nutritional scientists are to conduct quality research, one of many challenges facing them, in studying the complex interactions between the immune system and diet, is to develop improved tools for investigating eating habits in the context of immunomediated diseases.

scholarly journals The Gothenburg population-based glioblastoma research database: Methodological aspects and potential impact

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boglarka Fekete ◽  
Katja Werlenius ◽  
Helena Carén ◽  
Anneli Ozanne ◽  
Lars Rosengren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Methodological Aspects

scholarly journals How well do Australian women comply with dietary guidelines?

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie Ball ◽  
Gita D Mishra ◽  
Christopher W Thane ◽  
Allison Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractObjective:To investigate the proportion of middle-aged Australian women meeting national dietary recommendations and its variation according to selected sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics.Design:This cross-sectional population-based study used a food-frequency questionnaire to investigate dietary patterns and compliance with 13 commonly promoted dietary guidelines among a cohort of middle-aged women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.Setting:Nation-wide community-based survey.Subjects:A total of 10 561 women aged 50–55 years at the time of the survey in 2001.Results:Only about one-third of women complied with more than half of the guidelines, and only two women in the entire sample met all 13 guidelines examined. While guidelines for meat/fish/poultry/eggs/nuts/legumes and ‘extra’ foods (e.g. ice cream, chocolate, cakes, potatoes, pizza, hamburgers and wine) were met well, large percentages of women (68–88%) did not meet guidelines relating to the consumption of breads, cereal-based foods and dairy products, and intakes of total and saturated fat and iron. Women working in lower socio-economic status occupations, and women living alone or with people other than a partner and/or children, were at significantly increased risk of not meeting guidelines.Conclusions:The present results indicate that a large proportion of middle-aged Australian women are not meeting dietary guidelines. Without substantial changes in their diets, and help in making these changes, current national guidelines appear unachievable for many women.

scholarly journals Potential impact of 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines on Korean population: a population-based cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Seung Kwun ◽  
Sun-Hwa Kim ◽  
Si-Hyuck Kang ◽  
Chang-Hwan Yoon ◽  
Hae-Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Korean Population ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Hypertension Guidelines ◽  
Potential Impact

scholarly journals Association between energy-dense food consumption at 2 years of age and diet quality at 4 years of age

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Vilela ◽  
Andreia Oliveira ◽  
Elisabete Ramos ◽  
Pedro Moreira ◽  
Henrique Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Energy Dense Food

The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age and the consumption of foods and diet quality at 4 years of age. The sample included 705 children evaluated at 2 and 4 years of age, as part of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal). Data on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors of both children and mothers were collected by face-to-face interviews. The weight and height of children were measured by trained professionals. Based on FFQ, four energy-dense food groups were defined: soft drinks; sweets; cakes; salty snacks. A healthy eating index was developed using the WHO dietary recommendations for children (2006) aged 4 years. The associations were evaluated through Poisson regression models. After adjustment for maternal age and education, child's carer, child's siblings and child's BMI, higher consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age was found to be associated with higher consumption of the same foods 2 years later. An inverse association was found between the intake ( ≥ median) of soft drinks (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0·74, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·95), salty snacks (IRR = 0·80, 95 % CI 0·65, 1·00) and sweets (IRR = 0·73, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·91) at 2 years of age and the consumption of fruit and vegetables at 4 years of age ( ≥ 5 times/d). Weekly and daily consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age was associated with a lower healthy eating score at 4 years of age (IRR = 0·75, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·96; IRR = 0·56, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·77, respectively). The consumption of energy-dense foods at young ages is negatively associated with the diet quality of children a few years later.

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