Renal Lymph: Vital for the Kidney and Valuable for the Physiologist

Physiology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Pinter
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Experimental Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Renal Lymph ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Peritubular Capillaries ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Valuable Role

Drainage of extravasated proteins from the interstitium is a vital function of renal lymph. In addition, it has a valuable role as a source of information about the renal interstitium. Information uniquely provided by lymph allows characterization of macromolecular permeabilities of postglomerular exchange vessels in the renal cortex under physiological conditions and in disease, e.g., in experimental diabetes mellitus. Various defense mechanisms are discussed that are instrumental in keeping the balance between reabsorption of fluid from the tubules and uptake of reabsorbed fluid by the peritubular capillaries. The role of lymph in these mechanisms is highlighted.

scholarly journals Polyamine Transport and Role of potE in Response to Osmotic Stress in Escherichia coli

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (21) ◽  
pp. 6247-6249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Schiller ◽  
Daniela Kruse ◽  
Helmut Kneifel ◽  
Reinhard Krämer ◽  
Andreas Burkovski
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Hyperosmotic Shock ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Polyamine Transport

ABSTRACT When transport of polyamines in Escherichia coli was examined, putrescine excretion was observed under two different physiological conditions: (i) strictly correlated to growth and (ii) following a hyperosmotic shock. Spermidine was not excreted. Characterization of a deletion mutant showed that PotE is not involved in these transport processes.

Peritubular Capillaries of the Renal Cortex in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in the Rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Pinter ◽  
John E. Stork ◽  
P. David Wilson ◽  
Abram B. Fajer
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Experimental Diabetes ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Experimental Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peritubular Capillaries ◽  
Physical Forces

1. Microangiopathy affects the peritubular capillaries in experimental diabetes. Five to six months after streptozotocin administration to induce experimental diabetes in rats, a progressive increase of lymph flow and of the entry of albumin from the renal peritubular capillaries into the interstitium was seen. 2. Under these conditions, owing to the alteration of peritubular physical forces, the uptake of tubular reabsorbate into the capillaries can be impaired with potentially severe consequences in diabetic nephropathy.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of the CRISPR/Cas System in Staphylococcus aureus Strains From Diverse Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Adrian Cruz-López ◽  
Gildardo Rivera ◽  
María Antonia Cruz-Hernández ◽  
Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez ◽  
Graciela Castro-Escarpulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Genomic Island ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Identification And Characterization

The CRISPR-Cas [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and the CRISPR-associated genes (Cas)] system provides defense mechanisms in bacteria and archaea vs. mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and bacteriophages, which can either be harmful or add sequences that can provide virulence or antibiotic resistance. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that could be the etiological agent of important soft tissue infections that can lead to bacteremia and sepsis. The role of the CRISPR-Cas system in S. aureus is not completely understood since there is a lack of knowledge about it. We analyzed 716 genomes and 1 genomic island from GENOMES-NCBI and ENA-EMBL searching for the CRISPR-Cas systems and their spacer sequences (SSs). Our bioinformatic analysis shows that only 0.83% (6/716) of the analyzed genomes harbored the CRISPR-Cas system, all of them were subtype III-A, which is characterized by the presence of the cas10/csm1 gene. Analysis of SSs showed that 91% (40/44) had no match to annotated MGEs and 9% of SSs corresponded to plasmids and bacteriophages, indicating that those phages had infected those S. aureus strains. Some of those phages have been proposed as an alternative therapy in biofilm-forming or infection with S. aureus strains, but these findings indicate that such antibiotic phage strategy would be ineffective. More research about the CRISPR/Cas system is necessary for a bigger number of S. aureus strains from different sources, so additional features can be studied.

scholarly journals Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of Exosomal and Nonexosomal RNAs in Bovine Adipocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9313
Author(s):  
Binglin Yue ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
Jiyao Wu ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Wenxiu Ru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Significance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Bovine Adipocytes ◽  
Exosomal Mirna ◽  
Exosomal Rnas

Exosomes are endosome-derived extracellular vesicles that allow intercellular communication. However, the biological significance of adipocyte exosomal RNAs remains unclear. To determine the role of RNAs from bovine adipocytes and exosomes in bovine adipogenesis, exosomal and nonexosomal RNAs were extracted from three bovine primary white adipocyte samples and then profiles were generated using DNBSEQ/BGISEQ-500 technology. The RNAome of adipocytes consisted of 12,082 mRNAs, 8589 lncRNAs, and 378 miRNAs for a higher complexity that that detected in exosomes, with 1083 mRNAs, 105 lncRNAs, and 48 miRNAs. Exosomal miRNA-mRNA and lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks were constructed and enrichment analysis was performed to predict functional roles and regulatory mechanisms. Our study provides the first characterization of RNAs from bovine adipocyte and exosomes. The findings reveal that some RNAs are specifically packaged in adipocyte-derived exosomes, potentially enabling crosstalk between adipocytes and/or other cells that is mediated by exosomes. Our results greatly expand our understanding of exosomal RNAs from bovine adipocytes, and provide a reference for future functional investigations of adipocyte exosomal RNAs under normal physiological conditions.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Imprints during Pyrite Leaching: Implications for Acid Rock Drainage Characterization

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Ágnes Ódri ◽  
Megan Becker ◽  
Jennifer Broadhurst ◽  
Susan Harrison ◽  
Mansour Edraki
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rock Drainage ◽  
Environmental Isotopes ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Acid Rock ◽  
The Past ◽  
Isotopic Variations ◽  
Source Of Information

The characterization of acid rock drainage (ARD) is traditionally based on mineralogical and geochemical techniques (e.g., Acid Base Accounting tests). The complexity of ARD processes warrants contribution of methods from various disciplines. In the past decade, the increasing role of environmental isotopes in pollution monitoring has enabled the successful application of isotope methods in ARD investigations. While isotopic compositions of different pollutants can refer to their parent mineral, the degree of isotope fractionations are indicative of the mechanisms taking place during the release and transportation of ARD-related contaminants. In natural environments, however, the measured isotope fractionations are predominantly the result of several coexisting or sequential processes. Therefore, the identification and quantification of the distinct contributions of these processes to isotope variations is difficult and requires well-defined laboratory conditions, where the influence of ARD generation on different isotope systems can be assessed with greater certainty. This review provides readers with a single source of information regarding isotopic variations generated by laboratory pyrite leaching.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Fowler ◽  
Rebecca E. Irwin ◽  
Lynn S. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
And Function ◽  
Solitary Species

Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.

Consideraciones en torno a la reducción solipsista

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Carolina Petrillo

ResumenEn el presente trabajo se intentará mostrar que la fenomenología no conduce a una postura solipsista. Para ello, se caracterizará en qué consiste el solipsismo. Luego, se intentará refutar a lo que se ha de llamar “solipsismo metafísico” y “solipsismo gnoseológico”, con el objetivo principal de poner de manifiesto el fundamento de motivación para la salida de la ficción solipsista.Palabras claves:Phenomenology – solipsim – empatía - HusserlAbstractWith the aim of showing that phenomenology does not lead in solipsism, I will first attempt a characterization of it. Then, I will attempt a refutation of the so-called “metaphysical” and “epistemological” solipsisms. Finally, the nature and role of Husserl´s solipsistic fiction is examined, and the grounds that motivate the overcoming of this standpoint are disclosed.key wordsFenomenología – solipsismo - empathy – Husserl

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