Application of a Polarized X-Ray Spectrometer for Analysis of Ash from a Refuse-Fired Steam Generating Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 519-526
Author(s):  
William E. Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Double Scattering ◽  
Scattering Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Langley Research Center ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
The City

AbstractThe Refuse-Fired Steam Generating Facility (RFSGF) funded jointly by NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and the City of Hampton is presently in operation at the NASA/Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The facility b u m s approximately 200 tons/day of refuse and supplies approximately 170x103 tons/year of steam at 350 psig to the Langley Center. Concentrations of trace elements in the bottom ash and in the ash from the electrostatic precipitators were determined using the Murray State Polarized X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (PXFS), The PXFS uses x-rays from a Phillips PW1140/96 x-ray generator in a double scattering process to make quantitative measurements on elements in pressed briquette samples. The double scattering process is used to produce polarized x-rays for excitation of the samples, Minimum detectable limits (MDL) of 1-3 ppm are achieved for elements with Z = 26 to 42. Lower Z elements have significantly higher MDL's; the lowest Z element detected, sulfur, has an MDL of 100 ppm. Elements with Z's higher than 42 have MDL's in the range of 4-10 ppm. Elements detected in the RFSGF ash were S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Sn, Sb, and Pb. The concentrations ranged from a few ppm to several mg/g.

Influence of Mix Fly and Bottom Ashes from Biomass on Selected Properties of Cement Mortars

2019 ◽  
Vol 828 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Ulewicz ◽  
Jakub Jura
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Cement Mortar ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cement Mortars ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

The preliminary results of utilization of fly and bottom ash from combustion of biomass for the produce of cement mortars has been presented. Currently, this waste are deposited in industrial waste landfills. The chemical composition of waste materials was determined using X-ray fluorescence (spectrometer ARL Advant 'XP). ). In the studies sand was replaced by mix of fly and bottom ash from the combustion of biomass in an amount of 10-30% by weight of cement CEM I 42.5 R (Cemex). The obtained cement mortar concrete were subjected to microscopic examination (LEO Electron Microscopy Ltd.) and their compressive strength (PN-EN-196-1), frost resistance (PN-EN 1015-11 and PN-B -04500 ) and absorbability (PN-85/B-04500) were identified. The obtained results showed, the replacement of the cement by mix ashes from combustion of biomass reduce consumption of raw materials and will have a good influence on the environment.

scholarly journals On the ionization of light gases by X-rays. I.—Technique

1933 ◽  
Vol 141 (845) ◽  
pp. 669-686
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Fluorescent Radiation ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Heavy Gas ◽  
Reliable Correlation

The measurement of the intensity of an X-ray beam in absolute units is in theory most satisfactorily accomplished by a determination of its heating effect. The method, however, is attended by considerable experimental difficulties, so that its application is very limited, and in practice it is usual to replace it by a determination of the ionization produced when the beam is passed through a gas. To correlate the ionization with an absolute intensity requires a quantitative knowledge of the details of the interaction between the X-rays and the molecules concerned and of the ionization of the gas by the ejected electrons. It sometimes happens that the processes involved about which we know least are relatively unimportant, so that a fairly reliable correlation can be made; and much work has been done on the application of the ionization method to X-ray dosimetry. But in general a quantitative correlation between ionization and intensity is not possible. A further study of the ionization of gases by X-rays is therefore desirable; moreover it may be made to yield important information concerning the processes involved. The early development of the physics of X-rays contains many examples of this, and more recently an important contribution has been made by Stockmeyer. The events leading to the ionization of a heavy gas are exceedingly complicated, whereas in the light gases (hydrogen and helium) some of these events are absent or else occur to a negligible extent, so that the interpretation of experiments with the latter becomes simpler and more reliable. These gases are therefore specially worthy of study. Moreover, for them the application of quantum mechanics leads to the most definite results for comparison with experiment, and in particular permits of a direct test of some aspects of Dirac’s theory of recoil scattering. The ionization due to the gas itself is, however, very small, and may even be less than the secondary ionization due to electrons liberated from the chamber walls. The technique used in ionization measurements with heavy gases is therefore unsuitable. Hitherto the only attempt made to extend such measurements to light gases is an experiment carried out in 1915 on hydrogen by Shearer who, however, obtained very variable results and an ionization markedly smaller than that to be expected from recoil electrons alone. Moreover his experimental method is now open to criticism in view of our greater knowledge of X-rays, and in particular the fluorescent radiation used was of doubtful homogeneity. The present paper will describe a new technique suitable for quantitative measurements of the ionization produced by X-rays in light gases, and in another paper it will be applied to a re-investigation of hydrogen.

Applications of a Portable Radioisotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer to Analysis of Minerals and Alloys*

1967 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 249-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Rhodes ◽  
T. Furuta
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Finite Samples ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Sulfur In Coal

AbstractA portable, battery-operated X-ray fluorescence analyzer weighing 15 lb is described, consisting of a Nal(Tl) scintillation-counter probe and an electronic unit with a single-channel pulse-height analyzer and reversible scaler. Radioisotope X-ray sources are used for excitation of the sample and, where necessary, balanced filters for resolution of neighboring characteristic X-rays. Emphasis has been placed on designing and producing an instrument that is easy and convenient to operate in laboratory, factory, or field conditions and that can equally well be used to measure extended surfaces, such as rock faces, or finite samples in the form of powders, briquettes, or liquids. The feasibility of the following analyses has been studied by using for each determination the appropriate radioisotope source and filters: sulfur in coal; calcium and iron in cement raw mix; copper in copper ores; and vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten in steels. Detection limits, based on counting statistics obtained in count times of 10 to 100 sec, range from 0.03% for copper in ores to 0.2% for sulfur in coal. Both matrix absorption and enhancement effects were encountered and were eliminated or reduced substantially by suitable choice of source energy, by the use of nomograms, or by semiempirical correction factors based on attenuation or scattering coefficients.

scholarly journals A Content Based Approach to Medical X-Ray Image Retrieval using Texture Features

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3742-3748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumathi Ganesan ◽  
T.S. Subashini
Keyword(s):  
Image Retrieval ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Query Image ◽  
City Block ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Important Research Topic ◽  
Similar Images ◽  
The City

Of late, the amount of digital X-ray images that are produced in hospitals is increasing incredibly fast. Efficient storing, processing and retrieving of X-ray images have thus become an important research topic. With the exponential need that arises in the search for the clinically relevant and visually similar medical images over a vast database, the arena of digital imaging techniques is forced to provide a potential and path-breaking methodology in the midst of technical advancements so as to give the best match in accordance to the user’s query image. CBIR helps doctors to compare X-rays of their current patients with images from similar cases and they could also use these images as queries to find the similar entries in the X-ray database. This paper focuses on six different classes of X-ray images, viz. chest, skull, foot, spine, pelvic and palm for efficient image retrieval. Initially the various X-rays are automatically classified into the six-different classes using BPNN and SVM as classifiers and GLCM co-efficient as features for classification. Indexing is done to make the retrieval fast and retrieval of similar images is based on the city block distance.  

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution Of Atmospheric Pollutants Through Biomonitoring In Tree Bark Using X-Ray Fluorescence

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Martins Gurgatz ◽  
Regiani Carvalho-Oliveira ◽  
Gisele Antoniaconi ◽  
Paulo Hilário do Nascimento Saldiva ◽  
Luciano Fernandes Huergo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Air Contaminants ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tree Barks ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Visual Correlation ◽  
The City

Several studies have shown that tree barks can absorb air contaminants, therefore, trees can be used as biomonitors to identify the distribution of atmospheric pollutants. The city of Paranaguá, located at the coast of the Paraná State in Brazil, hosts the largest bulk cargo port in Latin America and an elevated number of fertilizer processing industries. In this study we used tree barks coupled to X-ray fluorescence spectrometer analysis to biomonitor the distribution of air pollutants in the city of Paranaguá. We identified a visual correlation between the level of the elements K and Cl, with high levels detected near fertilizer warehouses. A relation between Fe levels and position of railways and train stations were also clear. The low levels of the elements Zn, Al, Ba and Mg detected in a traffic restricted zone confirm the use of these elements as markers of vehicles traffic and validate the approach of using tree barks for air pollution biomonitoring.  

scholarly journals Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction mapping on a benchtop X-ray fluorescence system

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Lane ◽  
Antony Nyombi ◽  
James Shackel
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Characteristic Line ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Step Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hyper Spectral ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Polished Metal

A method for energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction mapping is presented, using a conventional low-power benchtop X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, the Seiko Instruments SEA6000VX. Hyper spectral X-ray maps with a 10 µm step size were collected from polished metal surfaces, sectioned Bi, Pb and steel shot gun pellets. Candidate diffraction lines were identified by eliminating those that matched a characteristic line for an element and those predicted for escape peaks, sum peaks, and Rayleigh and Compton scattered primary X-rays. The maps showed that the crystallites in the Bi pellet were larger than those observed in the Pb and steel pellets. The application of benchtop spectrometers to energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction mapping is discussed, and the capability for lower atomic number and lower-symmetry materials is briefly explored using multi-crystalline Si and polycrystalline sucrose.

Quantitative X-Ray Measurements of Diesel Spray Cores

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher F. Powell ◽  
Yong Yue ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Ming-Chia Lai ◽  
Johannes Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Argonne National Laboratory ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Sprays ◽  
Quantitative Measurements

Abstract A detailed knowledge of the fuel injection process is recognized as a key to the design of clean-burning and efficient combustion engines. As standards for pollutant emissions are tightened worldwide, such knowledge becomes more critical. Computer modeling of the combustion process relies on accurate measurements of the spray throughout its lifetime, and in particular knowledge of the near-nozzle region of the spray is of great importance. A number of techniques have been developed to study the properties of fuel sprays. However, all of these techniques are significantly limited in the region near the nozzle of high-pressure sprays. No mechanical or visible light probe is able to make non-intrusive and quantitative measurements of the spray in this region. We have been developing techniques to study sprays using synchrotron x-rays from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. We are using an intense, monochromatic x-ray beam as a probe to make time-resolved, quantitative measurements, of intermittent fuel sprays. These experiments have demonstrated that x-rays overcome many of the limitations of other techniques, allowing quantitative characterization of the spray with high time and position resolution. The x-ray technique enables us to make a time-resolved mapping of the mass distribution near the spray nozzle, even immediately adjacent to the orifice. With such a mapping of the mass a number of spray characteristics can be determined, such as the fuel volume fraction, the injection rate and total mass, the speed of the leading and trailing edges of the spray, etc. These quantitative measurements should allow more realistic computational modeling of sprays with better predictive power.

A Combined Photoelectron/X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 509-520
Author(s):  
H. K. Herglotz ◽  
D. R. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Excitation Power ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analysis Instrument ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Excitation Mechanisms ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Advanced Version

AbstractFacilities for energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis have been added to an advanced version of the high-sensitivity ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) instrument described at the 1972 Denver Conference. Since the excitation mechanisms for electron emission and x-ray fluorescence are the same, the instrument's powerful source of primary x-rays is an asset to both types of spectroscopy. The geometrical arrangement of source, electron analyzer, and x-ray detector permits easy change from one mode of operation to the other without change of sample. While ESCA is valuable for the analysis of light elements and of surfaces apart from the bulk, x-ray fluorescence is useful for the analysis of bulk or substrate. The high excitation power makes the instrument useful also for trace analysis in solid or liquid samples. Modifications that could further enhance the usefulness of the instrument are described.

Injury Due to Accidental Exposure to X-rays From An X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

1980 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving J. Weigensberg ◽  
Charles W. Asbury ◽  
Arnold Feldman
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Accidental Exposure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

Influence of Bottom Ashes from Biomass on Compressive Strength of Concretes

2019 ◽  
Vol 972 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Ulewicz ◽  
Jakub Jura
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

The preliminary results of utilization of bottom ash from combustion of biomass for the produce of concrete has been presented. Currently, this waste are deposited in industrial waste landfills. The chemical composition of waste materials was determined using X-ray fluorescence (spectrometer ARL Advant 'XP). Concrete were made using CEM I 42.5 R (Cemex) and sand - gravel mix aggregate. The obtained concrete were subjected to microscopic examination (LEO Electron Microscopy Ltd.) and their compressive strength (PN-EN-196-1) and absorbability (PN-85/B-04500) were identified. The obtained results showed, the replacement of the natural aggregates by bottom ash from combustion of biomass reduce consumption of raw materials and will have a good influence on the environment.

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