scholarly journals The Effects of Very-Low-Calorie Diets on HDL: A Review

Cholesterol ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Rolland ◽  
Iain Broom
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Very Low Calorie Diets ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

This paper investigates the effects of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) used in the treatment of obesity on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Although the studies varied widely in their intervention format, duration, and baseline HDL levels, it would appear that HDL levels usually decrease during active weight loss using a VLCD, but these either return to pre-VLCD levels or improve overall during the weight-maintenance phase. More research needs to be done to determine optimal weight-maintenance programmes and the effects of VLCDs in the short term as well as on HDL levels in groups at increased risk of coronary heart disease.

scholarly journals Joint association between education and polygenic risk score for incident coronary heart disease events: a longitudinal population-based study of 26 203 men and women

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214358
Author(s):  
Pekka Martikainen ◽  
Kaarina Korhonen ◽  
Aline Jelenkovic ◽  
Hannu Lahtinen ◽  
Aki Havulinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Region Of Residence

BackgroundGenetic vulnerability to coronary heart disease (CHD) is well established, but little is known whether these effects are mediated or modified by equally well-established social determinants of CHD. We estimate the joint associations of the polygenetic risk score (PRS) for CHD and education on CHD events.MethodsThe data are from the 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007 and 2012 surveys of the population-based FINRISK Study including measures of social, behavioural and metabolic factors and genome-wide genotypes (N=26 203). Follow-up of fatal and non-fatal incident CHD events (N=2063) was based on nationwide registers.ResultsAllowing for age, sex, study year, region of residence, study batch and principal components, those in the highest quartile of PRS for CHD had strongly increased risk of CHD events compared with the lowest quartile (HR=2.26; 95% CI: 1.97 to 2.59); associations were also observed for low education (HR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.89). These effects were largely independent of each other. Adjustment for baseline smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, igh-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol, blood pressure and diabetes attenuated the PRS associations by 10% and the education associations by 50%. We do not find strong evidence of interactions between PRS and education.ConclusionsPRS and education predict CHD events, and these associations are independent of each other. Both can improve CHD prediction beyond behavioural risks. The results imply that observational studies that do not have information on genetic risk factors for CHD do not provide confounded estimates for the association between education and CHD.

scholarly journals Triglyceride-containing lipoprotein sub-fractions and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: A prospective analysis in 11,560 adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (15) ◽  
pp. 1617-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshni Joshi ◽  
S Goya Wannamethee ◽  
Jorgen Engmann ◽  
Tom Gaunt ◽  
Deborah A Lawlor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual

Aims Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, there is uncertainty about the role of total triglycerides and the individual triglyceride-containing lipoprotein sub-fractions. We measured 14 triglyceride-containing lipoprotein sub-fractions using nuclear magnetic resonance and examined associations with coronary heart disease and stroke. Methods Triglyceride-containing sub-fraction measures were available in 11,560 participants from the three UK cohorts free of coronary heart disease and stroke at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association of each sub-fraction with coronary heart disease and stroke expressed as the odds ratio per standard deviation increment in the corresponding measure. Results The 14 triglyceride-containing sub-fractions were positively correlated with one another and with total triglycerides, and inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Thirteen sub-fractions were positively associated with coronary heart disease (odds ratio in the range 1.12 to 1.22), with the effect estimates for coronary heart disease being comparable in subgroup analysis of participants with and without type 2 diabetes, and were attenuated after adjustment for HDL-C and LDL-C. There was no evidence for a clear association of any triglyceride lipoprotein sub-fraction with stroke. Conclusions Triglyceride sub-fractions are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease but not stroke, with attenuation of effects on adjustment for HDL-C and LDL-C.

Gene-diet interaction and plasma lipid responses to dietary intervention

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ordovas
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Increased Risk

Strategies for disease prevention can have a major impact on people's health. However, major gaps exist in our knowledge with regard to nutritional adequacy, nutrient-disease interactions, nutrient-gene interactions, and effective strategies for implementation of dietary recommendations which have the potential to decrease the disease burden and to contribute to successful aging of the population. Coronary heart disease is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. We have sound evidence that high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Lipoprotein concentrations are associated with environmental variables such as diet and lifestyle, but genetics also play a significant role. We have examined polymorphisms at candidate loci to determine their usefulness as markers for dietary responses. A G/A polymorphism 75 bp upstream from the gene encoding apolipoprotein AI (APOA1) has been described in ~ 30% of the population. Our studies show that this polymorphism is associated with variability in the HDL-C response to dietary fat, specifically to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet. Carriers of the A allele respond to increases in dietary PUFA with elevations in HDL-C levels, probably due to altered interactions of transcription factors with the mutated promoter. Therefore carriers of the A allele can potentially decrease their atherogenic risk by consuming high-PUFA diets. Likewise, we have examined the interaction between other dietary habits, such as alcohol drinking, and variability at the APOE locus, and have demonstrated that the classical associations between APOE polymorphism and LDL-C levels are observed primarily in those subjects who consume alcohol. Moreover, we have found a subgroup of the population, APOE4 carriers, for whom drinking alcohol may exert detrimental effects on lipid metabolism. This knowledge will contribute towards the development of more effective personalized dietary recommendations.

scholarly journals Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes in Gluteal and Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue During Weight-Reducing Dietary Intervention in Obese Women

2014 ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. MALIŠOVÁ ◽  
L. ROSSMEISLOVÁ ◽  
Z. KOVÁČOVÁ ◽  
J. KRAČMEROVÁ ◽  
M. TENCEROVÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Very Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Calorie Diet

Accumulation of adipose tissue in lower body lowers risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The molecular basis of this protective effect of gluteofemoral depot is not clear. The aim of this study was to compare the profile of expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous gluteal (sGAT) and abdominal (sAAT) adipose tissue at baseline and in response to multiphase weight-reducing dietary intervention (DI). 14 premenopausal healthy obese women underwent a 6 months’ DI consisting of 1 month very-low-calorie-diet (VLCD), subsequent 2 months’ low-calorie-diet and 3 months’ weight maintenance diet (WM). Paired samples of sGAT and sAAT were obtained before and at the end of VLCD and WM periods. mRNA expression of 17 genes (macrophage markers, cytokines) was measured using RT-qPCR on chip-platform. At baseline, there were no differences in gene expression of macrophage markers and cytokines between sGAT and sAAT. The dynamic changes induced by DI were similar in both depots for all genes except for three cytokines (IL6, IL10, CCL2) that differed in their response during weight maintenance phase. The results show that, in obese women, there are no major differences between sGAT and sAAT in expression of inflammation-related genes at baseline conditions and in response to the weight-reducing DI.

scholarly journals Association of weight fluctuation with cardiovascular disease risk among initially obese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seogsong Jeong ◽  
Seulggie Choi ◽  
Jooyoung Chang ◽  
Kyuwoong Kim ◽  
Sung Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Weight Cycling ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Weight Fluctuation ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThe association of fluctuations in body mass index with cardiovascular risk in long-term is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate cardiovascular outcomes of weight fluctuation. Total of 67,101 obese adults from the Korean National Health Insurance Service who received health examinations in three separate biennial periods were included. Participants were followed up from January 1, 2008 to the date of cardiovascular disease, death, or December 31, 2015, and categorized into 9 distinctive groups according to the BMI. Continuous weight gain showed an increased risk of overall cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; P = 0.007), whereas weight loss after weight maintenance (HR, 0.91; P = 0.016) and weight maintenance after weight loss (HR, 0.91; P = 0.004) were ameliorative compared to the no weight change group. As for coronary heart disease, weight maintenance after weight gain was unfavorable (HR, 1.25; P = 0.004) while weight loss after weight maintenance (HR, 0.82; P < 0.001), weight cycling (HR, 0.83; P = 0.043), and weight maintenance after weight loss (HR, 0.88; P = 0.012) were beneficial. Weight maintenance after weight loss is beneficial for obese adults in terms of cardiovascular risks. In addition, weight loss is in part related to reduced risk of coronary heart disease despite weight cycling.

Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Monitor Long-Term Average Increased Triglycerides

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. e1657-e1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Langsted ◽  
Anne Marie Reimer Jensen ◽  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Børge G Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Remnant Cholesterol ◽  
Low Hdl

Abstract Context Increased triglyceride-rich remnants represent a causal risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease. Objective We tested the hypothesis that low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can be used to monitor long-term high triglycerides/remnant cholesterol, just as high hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) can be used to monitor long-term high glucose levels. Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions We studied cross-sectionally 108 731 individuals, dynamically 1313 individuals with lipid measurement at 10 repeated visits, short-term 305 individuals during a fat load, and long-term 10 479 individuals with 2 lipid measurements 10 years apart. Main Outcome Measures Levels of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Results Cross-sectionally, HDL cholesterol was inversely associated with triglycerides (R2 = 0.26) and remnant cholesterol (R2 = 0.26). Dynamically, major changes in triglyceride levels from measurement to measurement were mimicked by corresponding modest changes in HDL cholesterol. In the short-term after a fat load, median triglycerides increased 96% while HDL cholesterol decreased only 1%. Long-term, in individuals with measurements 10 years apart, those who initially had the highest triglycerides and corresponding lowest HDL cholesterol, still had highest triglycerides and lowest HDL cholesterol 10 years later. Prospectively, individuals with increased triglycerides/remnant cholesterol had increased risk of myocardial infarction; however, when the HDL cholesterol monitoring was removed, increased triglycerides/remnant cholesterol were largely no longer associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusions Low HDL cholesterol is a stable marker of average high triglycerides/remnant cholesterol. This suggests that low HDL cholesterol can be used to monitor long-term average high triglycerides and remnant cholesterol, analogous to high HbA1c as a long-term monitor of average high glucose levels.

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