scholarly journals A Numerical and Experimental Study of the Aerodynamics and Stability of a Horizontal Parachute

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazyar Dawoodian ◽  
Abdolrahman Dadvand ◽  
Amir Hassanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Good Agreement

The flow past a parachute with and without a vent hole at the top is studied both experimentally and numerically. The effects of Reynolds number and vent ratio on the flow behaviour as well as on the drag coefficient are examined. The experiments were carried out under free-flow conditions. In the numerical simulations, the flow was considered as unsteady and turbulent and was modelled using the standard - turbulence model. The experimental results reveal good agreement with the numerical ones. In both the experiments and numerical simulations, the Reynolds number was varied from 85539 to 357250 and the vent ratio was increased from zero to 20%. The results show that the drag coefficient decreases by increasing the Reynolds number for all the cases tested. In addition, it was found that at low and high Reynolds numbers, the parachutes, respectively, with 4% vent ratio and without vent are deemed more efficient. One important result of the present work is related to the effect of vent ratio on the stability of the parachute.

scholarly journals Mixing efficiency in run-down gravity currents

2016 ◽  
Vol 809 ◽  
pp. 691-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Hughes ◽  
P. F. Linden
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Gravity Currents ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper presents measurements of mixing efficiency of the two counter-flowing gravity currents created by symmetric lock exchange in a channel. The novel feature of this work is that the buoyancy Reynolds number of the currents is higher than in previous experiments, so that the mixing is not significantly affected by viscosity. We find that the mixing efficiency asymptotes to 0.08 at high Reynolds numbers. We present a model of the mixing based on the evolution of idealized mean profiles of velocity and density at the interface between the two currents, the results of which are in good agreement with the measurements of mixing efficiency.

Velocity measurements close to the bed in a wave tank

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sleath
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
Vortex Formation ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Wave Tank ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Laminar Flow Conditions

Measurements of the velocity distribution close to the bed have been made under laminar flow conditions in a wave tank. The classical solution for the velocity distribution was found to be valid when the bed was smooth, but considerable deviations between theory and experiment were observed with beds of sand. It is suggested that these deviations were caused by vortex formation around the grains of sand. The similarity between the velocity profiles obtained in these tests and those reported by other writers under supposedly turbulent conditions suggests that even at high Reynolds numbers vortex formation may continue to be the dominant effect in oscillatory boundary layers of this sort.

Thermal Entry in Falling Liquid Films at High Reynolds Numbers

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
Evgeny Chinnov ◽  
Sergey Abdurakipov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Entry Length ◽  
Temperature Measuring ◽  
Strong Wave ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Falling Liquid Films

An experimental study of thermal entry length in falling liquid films at high Reynolds numbers was performed with the use of field methods for thickness and temperature measuring. It was shown that the combination of the strong wave and thermocapillary effects leads to a significant decrease of thermal entry length

Temperature Control of Blow-Down, Supersonic Tunnels

1956 ◽  
Vol 60 (541) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
T. A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Mach Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Stagnation Temperature ◽  
Blow Down ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
High Reynolds

The blow-down type of intermittent, supersonic tunnel is attractive because of its simplicity and because relatively high Reynolds numbers can be obtained for a given size of test section. An adverse characteristic, however, is the fall of stagnation temperature during runs, which can affect experiments in several ways. The Reynolds number varies and the absolute velocity is not constant, even if the Mach number and pressure are; heat-transfer cannot be studied under controlled conditions and the experimental errors arising from the effect of heat-transfer on the boundary layer vary in time. These effects can become significant in quantitative experiments if the tunnel is large and the variation of temperature very rapid; the expense required to eliminate them might then be justified.

Stability of non-parabolic flow in a flexible tube

1999 ◽  
Vol 395 ◽  
pp. 211-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. SHANKAR ◽  
V. KUMARAN
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Asymptotic Analysis ◽  
High Reynolds Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Flexible Tube ◽  
Developing Flow ◽  
Parabolic Flow ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
The Stability

Flows with velocity profiles very different from the parabolic velocity profile can occur in the entrance region of a tube as well as in tubes with converging/diverging cross-sections. In this paper, asymptotic and numerical studies are undertaken to analyse the temporal stability of such ‘non-parabolic’ flows in a flexible tube in the limit of high Reynolds numbers. Two specific cases are considered: (i) developing flow in a flexible tube; (ii) flow in a slightly converging flexible tube. Though the mean velocity profile contains both axial and radial components, the flow is assumed to be locally parallel in the stability analysis. The fluid is Newtonian and incompressible, while the flexible wall is modelled as a viscoelastic solid. A high Reynolds number asymptotic analysis shows that the non-parabolic velocity profiles can become unstable in the inviscid limit. This inviscid instability is qualitatively different from that observed in previous studies on the stability of parabolic flow in a flexible tube, and from the instability of developing flow in a rigid tube. The results of the asymptotic analysis are extended numerically to the moderate Reynolds number regime. The numerical results reveal that the developing flow could be unstable at much lower Reynolds numbers than the parabolic flow, and hence this instability can be important in destabilizing the fluid flow through flexible tubes at moderate and high Reynolds number. For flow in a slightly converging tube, even small deviations from the parabolic profile are found to be sufficient for the present instability mechanism to be operative. The dominant non-parallel effects are incorporated using an asymptotic analysis, and this indicates that non-parallel effects do not significantly affect the neutral stability curves. The viscosity of the wall medium is found to have a stabilizing effect on this instability.

Spectral energy transfer in high Reynolds number turbulence

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Helland ◽  
C. W. Van Atta ◽  
G. R. Stegen
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
High Reynolds Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Local Isotropy ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Good Agreement

The spectral energy transfer of turbulent velocity fields has been examined over a wide range of Reynolds numbers by experimental and empirical methods. Measurements in a high Reynolds number grid flow were used to calculate the energy transfer by the direct Fourier-transform method of Yeh & Van Atta. Measurements in a free jet were used to calculate energy transfer for a still higher Reynolds number. An empirical energy spectrum was used in conjunction with a local self-preservation approximation to estimate the energy transfer at Reynolds numbers beyond presently achievable experimental conditions.Second-order spectra of the grid measurements are in excellent agreement with local isotropy down to low wavenumbers. For the first time, one-dimensional third-order spectra were used to test for local isotropy, and modest agreement with the theoretical conditions was observed over the range of wavenumbers which appear isotropic according to second-order criteria. Three-dimensional forms of the measured spectra were calculated, and the directly measured energy transfer was compared with the indirectly measured transfer using a local self-preservation model for energy decay. The good agreement between the direct and indirect measurements of energy transfer provides additional support for both the assumption of local isotropy and the assumption of self-preservation in high Reynolds number grid turbulence.An empirical spectrum was constructed from analytical spectral forms of von Kármán and Pao and used to extrapolate energy transfer measurements at lower Reynolds number to Rλ = 105 with the assumption of local self preservation. The transfer spectrum at this Reynolds number has no wavenumber region of zero net spectral transfer despite three decades of $k^{-\frac{5}{3}}$. behaviour in the empirical energy spectrum. A criterion for the inertial subrange suggested by Lumley applied to the empirical transfer spectrum is in good agreement with the $k^{-\frac{5}{3}}$ range of the empirical energy spectrum.

Relationship of roll and pitch oscillations in a fin flapping at transitional to high Reynolds numbers

2012 ◽  
Vol 702 ◽  
pp. 298-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Promode R. Bandyopadhyay ◽  
David N. Beal ◽  
J. Dana Hrubes ◽  
Arun Mangalam
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Stagnation Point ◽  
Strouhal Number ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Stokes Wave ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Reynolds

AbstractHydrodynamic effects of the relationship between the roll and pitch oscillations in low-aspect-ratio fins, with a laminar section and a rounded leading edge, flapping at transitional to moderately high Reynolds numbers, are considered. The fin is hinged at one end and its roll amplitude is large. Also examined is how this relationship is affected by spanwise twist, which alters the pitch oscillation amplitude and its phase relative to the roll motion. Force, efficiency and surface hot-film-anemometry measurements, and flow visualization are carried out in a tow tank. A fin of an abstracted penguin-wing planform and a NACA 0012 cross-section is used, and the chord Reynolds number varies from 3558 to 150 000 based on total speed. The fin is forced near the natural shedding frequency. Strouhal number and pitch amplitude are directly related when thrust is produced, and efficiency is maximized in narrow combinations of Strouhal number and pitch amplitude when oscillation of the leading-edge stagnation point is minimal. Twist makes the angle of attack uniform along the span and enhances thrust by up to 24 %, while maintaining high efficiency. Only 5 % of the power required to roll is spent to pitch, and yet roll and pitch are directly related. During hovering, dye visualization shows that a diffused leading-edge vortex is produced in rigid fins, which enlarges along the span; however, twist makes the vortex more uniform and the fin in turn requires less power to roll. Low-order phase maps of the measurements of force oscillation versus its derivative are modelled as due to van der Pol oscillators; the higher-order maps show trends in the sub-regimes of the transitional Reynolds number. Fin oscillation imparts a chordwise fluid motion, yielding a Stokes wave in the near-wall vorticity layer. When the roll and pitch oscillations are directly related, the wave is optimized: causing vorticity lift-up as the fin is decelerated at the roll extremity; the potential energy at the stagnation point is converted into kinetic energy; a vortex is produced as the lifted vorticity is wrapped around the leading edge; and free-stream reattachment keeps the vortex trapped. When the twist oscillation is phased along the span, this vortex becomes self-preserving at all amplitudes of twist, indicating the most stable (low-bandwidth) tuned nature.

An Intermittent High-Reynolds-Number Wind Tunnel

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Stollery ◽  
A V Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
High Reynolds Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Cryogenic Wind Tunnel ◽  
Performance Estimates

SummaryThe paper suggests a simple method of generating intermittent reservoir conditions for an intermittent, cryogenic wind tunnel. Approximate performance estimates are given and it is recommended that further studies be made because this type of tunnel could be valuable in increasing the opportunities for research at high Reynolds numbers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document